Being human research paper free essay sample

My topic is how being human changed the bad boy image of Salman Khan . I would like to thank my guide Miss Tanya Sarkar for her unending support and guidance that made it possible for me to start working on a research project as this and be able to complete it. Here I would like to thank my friends helping me throughout. I would also like to thank all the references that I used because without them I wouldn’t have been able to go through this. Regards Disha Chopra being human and Salman Khan Review of Literature Salman Khan officially launches Being Human store in IndiaEight more outlets to be added in India by March end Gaurav Laghate | Mumbai January 17, 2013 Salman Khan is one of the most noted philanthropists in Bollywood and he often lends his star power to a number of charitable causes. Salman Khan started a non-profit organization called ‘Being Human: The Salman Khan Foundation in July 2007. We will write a custom essay sample on Being human research paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The charitable trust sells lifestyle products like watches and t-shirts online and in stores with a portion of the sales proceeds funding the foundation. The charity focuses on two main causes- healthcare and education for the underprivileged. The foundation also undertakes initiatives like Being Human Gitanjali Gold Coins and Being Human Art which also supplement the funding for the charity. Being Human is Salman Khans brainchild. The actor, known to many, as having a heart of gold has been using his charitable organization to help the needy. And now he will be taking the step to expand his brand to a bigger business proposal. Salman explains to Businessofcinema. com, Being Human raises funds via the sale of its T-shirts, which are exclusively designed. After T-shirts, Being Human will now be expanding its product offerings by making watches. Watches are a great accessory and both genders love flaunting their watches. It has become a style statement. So keeping that in mind, my foundation will be making watches, which can be sold to make some money. A bare-all interview with Salman in which he reveals that he’s a painter, writer, telly host, eligible bachelor and gym icon all rolled into one and yet he claims that being Salman is quite easy! Moody, temperamental and ‘misunderstood’ that’s how we have been describing this Khan over the last 18 years. We have had our share of spats with him but now all that seems to be a part of the forgotten past as now he is doing a lot of good things that we could never imagined a guy like him can do a lot of creative things. Once he was interviewed on the sets of VEER a period drama that was based on a story written by him. There , he had to go through the questionnaires related to his lifestyle and his professional life like , Trade insiders have it that Salman never signs any agreement, he just gives his zubaan. Is that true? Yes, I believe in trust. I do my work and get my price for it. I only work with people I am comfortable with. Good time to beef up brand Salman? Being human is brand Salman. I cannot keep the money in my hands, I leave it with my father, mother, Sohail or Arbaaz. I have always supported charities in my own way. If I can raise funds through an hour’s work, cutting ribbons I would rather do that than have charities where people would feel obliged to donate money. Have you started understanding people better after this close brush with them? Oh I know people much more than anybody else because I lead a normal life. Inspite of all the luxuries available to me I sit out , I cycle, go to public places like Barista and still visit all those places where I went as a kid. Do you think that people understand you better after 10 Ka Dum? People never believed in what was being written about me, that’s the reason I am sitting here. They always knew me. If they hadn’t I would have been out of the industry What’s the one thing you will change if you were made God for a day? Iwould increase everybody’s salaries so that there will be no corruption. People will not stoop down to such low levels as they do now. If their basic amenities and requirements are taken care of and they are happy there will be less reason for corruption. For those who are pathologically corrupt , no money is enough, but by-and-large this would be my solution. Are you God-fearing? No! Why God-fearing? I am God-loving! Only those people fear God who do something wrong and then feel He is the guarantor of sorts. Come on, describe yourself. I don’t know how to do that! I may react to a situation in a different manner today and then entirely differently tomorrow to it because I go by my feel and I go by my impulse. I am right at times and sometimes I may go wrong. Then phone uthaao, sorry bolo yeh galat ho gaye boss! ’ Is it difficult being Salman? No, it is very easy being Salman you just have to be honest that’s all it takes to be Salman. I believe that you are born empty-handed and you will die empty-handed. There is a hand of God in everything. Finally Salman, is peace-making on your agenda now? Especially with SRK with whom you had the much-publicised fracas recently. I am at peace with myself. I wake up, work-out, go for shoots, laugh a lot and sleep in peace. This interview describes us how salman khan deals with his personal as well as his social life . He is an extremely private person , it is difficult for media to catch up with him. According to salman , he says there should to be a competition for doing charity. There are large of people who would be doing charity. According to him , eeryone should open a charitable trust and see where it reaches †¦ to what level. Salman, who has on various occasions lent his star power to charitable causes, said that many of the industry friends have come forward and supported his charitable trust Being Human Foundation. The trust do offer help to those who need money for education, cancer and ailments. He says that his trust does not take help from the industry people. Money that comes for the trust is coming from his clothing line ( the being human stores). People can however offer help by logging on to their website. The actor has stores of his clothing line in Belgium, France, Middle East and Spain. The response has been good to the stores and we are happy about it we are excited about opening the store here, Salman said. Talking about the USP of Being Human, he said, the quality is good its nice and different. One can make out .. differentiate between fake and real Being Human T-shirts. Salman, however said he would not be promoting the apparel brand in films because the characters that he plays wont look good in those T-shirts. The reason behind launching his NGO being human foundation. Many charity works that he got involved didnt left him with a very good feeling. It felt like he has been conned in the name of help. So, he decided to channelise it through Being Human. According to him , If money can save a life and improve quality of life, he is ready to help, but dont expect miracles. He certainly dont believe in mere bachche ki shaadi hain paise se madat karo. All marriages in his family have been done in a small way. His father Mr Salim got married in just Rs 80. Arbaazs marriage happened in their own building lawn. He himself admits that most of the money spent through Being Human are from his personal earnings. An average of Rs 6. 5 lakh is spent everyday by Being Human. He really want to make the trust self sufficient. The only request he has made to the people is to buy products sold at the being human shops, so that profits come to the trust. The star is quite happy with the response to Being Human clothes. Our clothing line is doing well. I dont let any of the clothes come into the market unless I wear it, and Im happy with it. We will soon be starting a restaurant. The funds from the live concerts that we will do during the promotion of our films will be directed to Being Human. As long as my stardom is there, I will take advantage of it to push my trust. And when stardom fades away, I will try something else says the pragmatic star. Salman runs a charitable organisation Being Human, with an aim to help the needy people in areas of education, healthcare and others. Now, he is planning to venture in new areas of business under the same name. We want people to come eat, drink and that is how they will in a way do charity. So when you are wearing something, eating or drinking something you are doing your bit of charity, it is all going to help people towards education and healthcare, the actor said, adding that he also intends to enter into healthcare segment by opening hospitals. We have plans of opening hospitals. We would be doing that after restaurants are out. We need to earn money to put in a hospital, we need some time, Salman said. The actor recently opened the first Being Human flagship store that has a clothing line and accessories. I think this is the worst ever business proposition that anyone can be in. I am happy that I have found like-minded people who are interested in not earning the profit but to be associated with the brand and keep little for themselves and do more charity. So this is all about Being Human, he said. Salman Khan also owns a production company called Salman Khan Being Human Productions (SKBH Productions). Profits generated from films produced under the banner are also forwarded to the Being Human Foundation. In January 2012, Salman’s foundation offered to pay $72,400 to secure the release of 400 prisoners from various prisons in the state of Uttar Pradesh. These prisoners had finished the term of their sentences but were being held in prison for non-payment of legal fines for their charges. Salman khan always had a flair of painting. Now, he is turning his craft into a full- fledged medium to raise money for his charity being human. Salman has plans for auctioning his paintings and a few oh his industry friends have joined hands to support him. The actor is in talks with many art galleries who are keen to hold exhibitions of his paintings. Salman will donate the entire money collected from these events to his being human foundation. Salman has always been just a call away from anyone who needs his help. He has helped pavement dwellers, participated in events organised by Cancer Patients Aid Association, funded terminally ill patients surgeries and helped authorities running remand homes. He says, â€Å"god gives you so much and you know eventually you need to start giving it back. Everyone does that, I am sure, in some way or the other. I have always supported charities in my own way. If I can raise funds through an hours work cutting ribbons, I would rather do that than have charities where people would fell obliged to donate money. † The Philanthropist Salman Khan officially launched the flagship ‘Being Human’ store in Mumbai. It had earlier soft-launched two exclusive brand outlets in Mumbai and one each in Ludhiana and Ahmedabad. The store is launched in partnership with Mandhana Industries, with whom Khan has signed an exclusive worldwide licensing arrangement for Being Human-The Salman Khan Foundation, to design, manufacture, retail and distribute ‘Being Human’ fashion apparel. The royalties received on the sale of this fashion line will go to support the education and healthcare initiatives of the Foundation. Khan said during a press meet that next, the foundation will launch a chain of restaurants where its profits will be used for charity. The Being Human stores were first launched in France and other European countries last year, and in the Middle East late last year. and Manish Mandhana, Managing Director, Mandhana Industries said that the idea was to first launch the brand in overseas market and make it truly global. â€Å"We already have 150 selling points in Europe and 96 in the Middle East. The response is phenomenal and we have already sold 1 million units in the Middle East itself,† he added. Khan, the Founder of ‘Being Human’ said, â€Å"From a T-shirt, Being Human has now grown into a full clothing line with its own stores. I’m touched at the love people have shown for this brand and I invite them to buy original Being Human clothing from our stores or from select Shoppers Stop, Lifestyle, Splash and Jade Blue outlets. † On the business, Mandhan said that this year, there top line will be around Rs 60 crore and next year, they are targeting Rs 250-300 crore from the Being human clothing sales. With five stores running and eight more under construction, he said the company is targeting 50 stores by end of next fiscal. On the clothing line and restaurants, Khan said that the idea is to get people spend for what they normally do. â€Å"These are two sectors where there are high-footfalls. What we are asking is, but cloths, eat food and you are also doing charity. And the cause is very noble,† he said. Salmans entire family attended the launch event, including brother Sohail Khan, who said: We are happy that the store has opened. We all are very excited. There is a noble cause attached with the opening of the store. Salman is doing all this for society. Salmans sister-in-law Malaika Arora Khan described the clothing as stylish, saying: I love wearing Being Human T-shirts. They are stylish, trendy and affordable. Although he has been firmly established as Bollywoods bad boy due to a string of off-screen romances with on-screen stars and a knack for landing on the wrong side of the law one time too many, lately Salman Khan has been exhausting himself all in the name of doing good. When he sat down to talk about the initiative from his charitable foundation Being Human after an appearance at Mall of the Emirates in Dubai , the film veteran was a little dishevelled and extremely tired. The media needs something to talk about, says Khan, laughing. Wheres the fun in a superstar being a goody two-shoes? Everybody falls in love and everybody makes mistakes. That doesnt make one a bad human being. We all try to be good. I try to be good. It was six years ago when he stopped to take stock of what he had achieved, and how. You feel humbled when you realise that your success is the result of so many factors other than just you, he says. Other people have a part to play. God has a part to play. And when you see that there are others around you who have not been as fortunate as you have, you realise your responsibility to do something to try to make their lives a little better. With some encouragement from his parents, the idea of a charity that could engage the entire Khan household and funnel all money raised to the cause took shape. Today, his parents, sisters Alvira and Arpita, brothers Sohail and Arbaaz and their respective spouses are all involved. Thats one of the reasons we can give 100 per cent of the proceeds of all our initiatives to charity, says Khan. At this point, its the family that is taking care of the foundation so there are no overhead costs. Whatever comes in, after paying taxes, all of it can go straight to the beneficiaries. At some point, we might have to expand and hire staff and then we will have to figure out a different way of doing things. But at this point, our business model is that 100 per cent of our proceeds go to charity. The causes closest to Khans heart are education and healthcare, particularly for children. Last year the foundation paid for vital heart surgery for a two-year-old in Mumbai who had been facing growth problems and disfiguration due to an abnormality. In November 2010, the foundation partnered with a bone marrow registry in India to create awareness and build up a robust supply of donors. There are other branches, too: Being Human Art, with a debut exhibition of Khans paintings in Dubai in October 2009, has also tied up with Indias biggest jewellery brand Gitanjali to launch co-branded gold coins. Being Human Fashion has been the most popular vehicle for public awareness and for fund-raising. The fashion line was first announced at India Couture Week in 2009, in a show that made fashion history by featuring the biggest line-up of stars including Aamir Khan, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Govinda, Katrina Kaif, Saif Ali Khan and Sanjay Dutt. Salman launched Being Human watches at India Couture Week 2010 in a show featuring Bipasha Basu, Kareena Kapoor, Karisma Kapoor, Katrina Kaif, Preity Zinta, Rani Mukherjee and Sushmita Sen. Khans made his Dubai stop to launch and promote his tie-up with the high-street retailer Splash and the lifestyle destination Iconic (both Landmark Group brands) for the retail of Being Human merchandise. Branded for life Salman Khans Being Human follows an unusual revenue model Ajita Shashidhar Edition: April 14, 2013 Marketing experts say the Being Human brand helps boost the Salman Khan brand and has slowly succeeded in overshadowing his bad boy image. Despite his successful movie career, Khan was never one of the biggest names in the endorsement business. But lately he has cashed in on his man-of-the-masses image to sell a host of products with mass appeal such as Britannia Tiger biscuits, Thums Up, Relaxo slippers and Rotomac pens. Salman in most of his films has a Robin Hood image, which he has seamlessly carried into his real life. He actually tries to live the role he plays in films. This makes him a great brand, says Ashish Mishra, Managing Director of brand consultancy Interbrand India. In the marketing world, the real test of a successful celebrity brand is how he leverages his status outside of his business. Football star David Beckham, for example, is not just known for playing world-class football, but has leveraged his brand to run a successful fashion apparel line, dVb. Experts say Khan is one of the few Indian celebrities who have leveraged their stardom for the future. They see Shah Rukh Khan as an astute businessman, with interests in film production and cricket, and as one of the highest paid actors in the endorsement market. But, according to them, most of his forays outside acting are shrewd business moves and do not really contribute to building the stars brand. Similarly, they see Aamir Khan as a social crusader but not a brand with long-term appeal. There is a shelf life for the values Aamir represents, but he has done it in a serious way (through his films and shows such as Satyameva Jayate). There is more appeal in Salmans way as he doesnt make it boring and preachy, says Interbrand Indias Mishra. With Salman Khans career on a roll, his brand equity is unlikely to fade soon. All his films in the past two years -Dabangg, Ready and Bodyguard, among them have been monster Rs 100-crore hits. One of his recent releases, Ek Tha Tiger, beat all earlier films with box-office collections close to Rs 200 crore. But the movie star does not plan to stop at that: he has big plans for the Being Human charity and lifestyle brand. He is working on an education video for schoolchildren which will be sold at video stores across the country and distributed free to underprivileged children. He also plans to extend the Being Human brand to the food business by setting up cafes with a leading food and beverages company. A percentage of the revenue from the cafes will go to the charitable foundation. The dream is that Being Human should outlive Salman Khan. I want to get into a space where people get up in the morning and brush their teeth with a Being Human toothbrush, have toast made with a Being Human toaster, wear Being Human apparel, hang out at our cafes and finally sleep on a Being Human pillow, he says. Is the dream a bit far-fetched? Not really, says Mishra. If the branding strategy is well laid out, Being Human and brand Salman definitely have the potential of outliving Salman Khan, the actor. The phenomenal success of Salmans Being Human January 19, 2013 01:37:57 PM IST By Enkayaar, Glamsham Editorial So finally, the brand has made its debut in the fashion mecca of the country, aka Mumbai, the brand which has been making buzz from the time its proponent started promoting it, the brand being Being Human, and the brand promoter and its celebrity endorser being Salman Khan. The catalyst for opening of the brand would have in one way or the other been the phenomenal successes that Salman Khan has enjoyed recently at the box office, especially after DABANGG 2. After Salman evolved the brand, he has been promoting it through all the events that he publicly graces and endorses, and it included Big Boss as well. The other trigger for opening of the brand store could be the fakes of Being Human flooding the market. As a matter of fact the success or failure of a brand is determined by the volumes of its fakes available in the market and from that perspective Being Human indeed has evolved as a brand which does not have the backing of a media plan or a marketing strategy, but has been a success owing to its brand promoter Salman Khan. Indeed, such has been the success of the Being Human brand, that it would become a case study for the media strategists and market gurus of how a brand can be built without chalking up a strategy, then buying media time to push it. Being Human indeed could be one of the biggest brands that have evolved from India in the recent times to take the world of fashion by storm, manifest from the fact that anybody and everybody who is conscious about brands and fashion has the desire to own a brand displaying the brand name Being Human.  view SALMAN, ARBAAZ, MALAIKA, SOHAIL AT BEING HUMAN CLOTHING LINE LAUNCH photo gallery It is one of the apparent paradoxes of the world of cinema in India, that with such a phenomenal fan following in the country and around the world it has not been able to create, cultivate, nurture and foster brands in association with the icons who dominated and continue to dominate the day to day life of the average Indian cinema fan, Being Human being the only excepti on. Salman Khan with a dogged persuasion and relentlessly pushing it by endorsing it at all the available planes including wearing it day in and day out at various public forums that he appeared at. Besides, those who are associated with him were either cajoled to push the brand by wearing it, or were pushed to do it, whatever be the case; this effort created a buzz around the brand and the followers took it up. For instance, Arbaaz Khan at the premiere of DABANGG 2 was seen wearing a Being Human T-shirt, while Salman Khan had taken the brand to a new level by wearing a T-shirt with the slogan Being Dabangg. To push the brand further, Salman Khan incorporated his brand identity in his micro blogging account as well. Salman Khan also leveraged on the goodwill that he exercised in the industry among his contemporaries to use them as brand managers in fashion shows to push his brand, and the icing on the cake was involving small children from the film fraternity to create a buzz around the brand, as Salman Khan had done in one of the fashion shows were he picked up Sushmita Sens daughter to promote the brand. Salman Khan has been rather a lucky fellow in the Hindi film industry that he has worked with one of the most successful female actors across the time span and he has roped them in to model for his brand at various fashion shows. CHECK OUT: Salman launches Being Human store in India What has done the trick for Salman Khan is the fact that he has not otherwise been in the business of endorsing and pushing brands per se as his fellow actors have been doing for quite a long time. So for him it was rather easy to launch a brand of his own and let his fans take it over from there to establish it as a brand which is now the talk of the cinematic fraternity. The title of the brand also is an extension of the kind of charitable works that he is associated with and therefore its acceptance was rather swift and fast. After all, at the back of the mind we all aspire to Being Human, and there is no other fashion brand in vogue presently which rides piggy bag on charity and could this also be one of the reasons why the brand Being Human is slowly but firmly expanding its horizon. Indeed, the concoction that Salman Khan has brewed with his iconic brand Being Human, of weaving a synergy between fashion and charity is one of the few rare examples of such kind. Endorsing or being associated with a fashion statement, brand or an event, but for the participants and the associates is always viewed through a prism of guilt, but this kind of exercise is not associated with Being Human at all. For the fans of Salman Khan, his loyalty to the brand that he has promoted is also a motivating factor. Though Salman has endorsed other brands, while endorsing Being Human, Salman Khan has ensured, that its an extension of his own brand identity, so that the message of the product is never diffused, as it happens in case of most of the endorsements that the film stars of his ilk do. Salman Khan wears his brand with pride and this creates the fan following and positioning of the brand. May be, the success of Being Human would inspire others to have a relook into the whole process and build up another brand like Being Human. It is high time the same is done and is done on an urgent basis. Aamir Khan could think about a brand Satyamev Jayate instance! SALMAN KHAN CONTROVERCIES Salman was drunk during hit-and-run mishap: Court Salman Khan was under the influence of liquor when he allegedly rammed his car into a bakery in Bandra in 2002, a chemical analyst who tested the actors blood sample after the accident has told a trial court. Salman was taken into custody after he allegedly rammed his Land Cruiser into the Bakery in the wee hours on September 28, 2002, killing one person and injuring four others who were sleeping on the footpath outside the shop. The test report said 62 mg of alcohol was found from the blood sample of Salman which was in excess of the permissible limit. D K Bhalshankar, the chemical analyst, yesterday stuck to his statement given to the police after the incident that the actor was drunk at the time of the mishap. In his deposition, Bhalshankar described how he had conducted the test at Kalina Forensic Laboratory. He would be cross examined on July 15 by Salmans lawyer Dipesh Mehta. Salman, 44, had surrendered to police eight hours after the mishap at 2. 45 a. m. His blood sample was obtained at 2 p. m. The prosecution has cited 64 witnesses in the case and many of them have already deposed. Among them is Ravindra Patil, bodyguard of Salman, who later died in 2007. Patil had deposed earlier saying that Salman was on the wheel and he was drunk. He further said he had asked the actor not to drink that night as it may prove dangerous while driving but Salman did not pay heed to his advice. The victims who were injured in the incident had also deposed saying they had seen the actor getting down from the drivers seat after the mishap. The trial court had framed charges against the actor which included culpable homicide not amounting to murder but this charge was dropped later. However, the actor was tried for other charges including rash and negligent driving for which maximum punishment is two years. Noorulla Mahboob Sharif had died in the mishap while Abdul Rauf Shaikh, Kalim Mohammed Pathan and Munna Malai Khan were injured. Salman Khan Influencing Cops In 2002 Hit And Run Case Former Police Officer and now a lawyer and activist Y. P. Singh has alleged that Salman Khan was influencing the 2002 Hit and Run Case using his contacts in Mumbai Police.

Review On Uncertainty And The Welfare Economics Of Medical Care Paper Article

Review On Uncertainty And The Welfare Economics Of Medical Care Paper Article Review On Uncertainty And The Welfare Economics Of Medical Care Paper – Article Example no. Review on "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care" paper The of ‘Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care’ begins his study by comparing the characteristics of the medical-care industry with the norms of welfare economics. He explains the problems of medical care as adaptations of uncertainty in the frequency of disease and the efficacy of treatment. In this article, Arrow contributed to the information problems that lead to market failure in medical care markets. To date, Arrow’s theoretical framework that views market failure because of the imperfections of information remains consistent with the current studies. He also discussed the shifting nature of informational asymmetry between physicians and patients. Arrow posited that medical care markets are extremely uncertain. Patients are especially uncertainty about the consequences of acquiring medical treatments. The patients’ innate uncertainty about the effectiveness of m edical treatments prevents them from gaining important information on the quality of medical care services. He clarified that medical markets are in themselves information markets and that conditions of uncertainty makes accurate medical information very valuable. For instance, skilled care is a type of information that patients buy from physicians.He further described the nature of information as ‘elusive’ as a result it is a limiting factor on demand and supply in the information market. He expelled the limits on consumers’ ability to acquire information and ability to process that information. For example, individuals confronted with new illnesses usually do not have enough time to collect information because effectiveness of medical treatments often depends on minimizing the time between the onset of the illness and the start of the treatment. Arrow’s observation about the failure of the medical profession to insure against uncertainties led to the ree valuation of insurance as a public good and private commodity. He further addressed the roles of nonprofit institutions, self-regulations, and technological innovations that address medical needs. His contributions to the economics of medical health remain relevant to date. Work CitedArrow, Kenneth. Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care. The American Economic Review. Vol LIII, No. 5 Retrieved from

Chrysler Corporation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chrysler Corporation - Assignment Example It serves the market niche- i.e. high-end users that want luxurious cars. It ensures to produce superior products that are highly valued and technically advanced cars. It promises to produce the most fuel efficient, reliable, stylish and safe vehicles for consumers all over the world. Chrysler believes in innovation and creativity, and therefore comes up with new, innovative and technologically advanced vehicles. Chrysler is one of those companies who value their customers a great deal. The second great strength of the company is that it has started to focus greatly on customer care. It is the first auto company to have a Chief Customer Officer. This has generated significant improvement in its customer services and the company has achieved competitive advantage. Their biggest weakness is their poor relationship with their suppliers and dealers. For an organization like this, they strongly have to rely on their suppliers & dealers. They need to work on and build the good relationship with them to ensure a good supply chain. Chrysler’s overall market share is small and declining. According to the Wall Street Journal, 2010 the market share had dropped by 11% from a previous year in 2009 and is now 9.2%. In 2010 the market share was increased to 9.5% which was again not a very significant improvement. Consumers are more interested in fuel efficient, environmentally friendly and innovative automobiles. The demand for greener vehicles is increasing and consumers are becoming more conscious about the environment they live in. It is expected that the market for green cars is going to be 55% by the year 2015. Although Chrysler’s strong points are minivans and SUVs, a partnership with Fiat has created opportunities for the company to penetrate in South American and Asian markets by producing smaller cars.

Native people social movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Native people social movements - Essay Example that was formed, the Anishinabe continued to fight following the established prophecy hence finding themselves in California and being united helped the Anishinabe to obtain back their nationality from the whites. Afterwards, Ojibwa also known as the Anishinabe people’s urge with their friends resulted in a fight that begun killing one another for the purpose of the hunting ground. All the Anishinabe people with their tribes became vigilant in protecting their people from slavery and their territories (Lorman). However, they all fought for the protection of their homeland for the land became the main issue that brought all the suffering. With the native youth movements, roadblocks were put in place to stop invasion into their land since they abolished all of the following activities. Railways construction, highways, mining, resorts, dams, cities, deep seaports, garbage dams and many others that led to their outbreak of war. Additionally, different organizations movements were created like the American-Indian political activism during the year of 1960s for obtaining their rights (Bruchac). In addition, among other movements was a national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP), southern Christian leadership conference (SCLC) and finally groups were also formed like National organization for women (NOW). The formed group and movements mainly dealt with the rights of their individuals together with land issues maintaining their social integrity. During the establishment of national Indian youth council (NICY) that occurred after the tribes of Oklahoma with Great Plains that defeated the NCAI of 1994. The developed groups used peaceful ways with Americans where they encouraged the third world liberations. However, various groups of young individuals came up with American Indian movements (AIM) with an intention of the police harassment (Williamson). However, the Alcatraz Island reduces the pride and their consciousness with the rise of

Can renewable energy be seen as sufficient and sustainable as nuclear Literature review

Can renewable energy be seen as sufficient and sustainable as nuclear energy - Literature review Example Apart from the environmental degradation, there are other adverse health effects that are caused by the gases that are emitted to the environment. The destruction of habitat for the different lives has resulted not only to the elimination of the indigenous species but has also resulted into the reduction in the production of quality and quantity foods which has resulted into the food supply in major nations of the world (Sandalow, 2009). It is however important to note that all these issues are related to the pressure that is exerted on the limited available energy sources especially for the automobiles. Research has also shown that the increase in the pollutant gases that are emitted in the atmosphere results to the twenty five percent of the health complications of the major organ and organ system of the body such as the lungs, heart, kidney, digestive, respiration and some cases have resulted into death. In the view of the above, it is undisputable that the world needs alternative sources of energy to supply energy to the automobiles. Most nations are responding to this problem by passing strict laws on the activities that result into the pollution of the environment. This is because there is increasing dependency on the petroleum as the major source of energy for the automobile and industrial and many other engines that do not use electricity. The increase in the availability of the renewable sources of energy for automobile is therefore the only solution to reduce the menace of the global problems of pollution, enhance human health, protect the environment, increase the capacity for food production and protect the natural habitat. Hybrid cars, electric engines as well as other engines that use alternative and renewable sources of sources of energy are therefore important technology towards the realization of this goal. The current increase in the development of the automobile and other manufacturing industries has resulted into the ease of transportation p roblems and changed our lifestyles but is turning to be more dangerous to the environment and our health. For a long time in the history of the world, automobiles have been run mainly by the fuel that is mainly made from the hydrocarbons which is responsible for the environmental pollution. Due to the increasing population of the environment, there increased pressure on the use of the hydrocarbon fuels as the sources of energy for the automobile. It therefore follows that the rate of environmental pollution is expected to rise proportionally. Research has also shown that the amount of fuel used for manufacturing and the service industry constitutes up to forty nine percent of all the fuels that are used (Anderson, 2010). It is also projected that the uses of fuel within our roads is also expected to increase tremendously with the figure expected to be approximately 2.5 billion users (Barthelmie, 2011). In this context therefore the available petroleum faces depletion together with t he increases in the environmental impacts mentioned earlier in this study. The following will be research findings on the importance of the hybrid cars in reducing the pollution and protecting the environment a

Secondary Malignancies in Pediatric Population

Secondary Malignancies in Pediatric Population Secondary malignancies in pediatric population: a case series and literature review Introduction Advances in medical care therapies and early diagnosis has fulfilled the hope for normal life expectancy in many cancerous patients with a 5 year survival rate for at least 75% in childhood (1). Although expecting 70% long-term survive in children with diagnosed cancer, 60-70% of them will develop a consequential disability by the primary cancer treatment as a cost(2). Development of second cancer (a new cancer following the first after a complete treatment , whether the onset is in childhood or as an adult, however histologically different from the origin) is a grieving expected side- effect embracing 6% of all diagnosed cancers in Unites states (3), as a result of the carcinogenic effects of chemotherapy drugs and radiation on both normal and cancerous cells (4). When major risk factors for developing the secondary malignancies in childhood survivors such as the primary origin, early diagnosis , onset age, duration of therapy , dose received and familial history of the cancer are c onsidered , radiation associated solid tumors as well as hematologic malignancies account for the most probable types in secondary cancers (5-8). Despite the excellent prognosis for long-term survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, retinoblastoma and Hodgkin lymphoma , radiation associated secondary solid tumors almost covers two-thirds of all cases in long term (4, 9, 10). The increased risk of the incidence persists for at least 30 years after the primary treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (11). Chemotherapy agents, such as alkylating agents have been proposed to play role in secondary cancers incidence. Although studies in field of secondary cancers and their relationship with administered treatment protocols have been a field of interest for researchers, data regarding this topic is rather inconclusive because of variety of factors involved (12, 13). In present case series study, a series of pediatric secondary malignancies with different primary cancers and subsequent treatment protocol are presented. Methods: In this case series study, 11 samples were selected retrospectively from patients attending at Mahak Pediatric Cancer Treatment and Research Center (Tehran, Iran) from 2007 to 2016, who were diagnosed with a secondary cancer. All a patients had been already diagnosed with a primary cancer and had received standard treatment protocol of primary cancer. Clinical information was obtained by the authors or provided by referring physicians. Using patients records, past medical history, type of primary and secondary cancer including method of diagnosis, cumulative doses of cytotoxic drugs and treatment outcome was extracted. In case of any missing records, patients were contacted to acquire required data. All patients had already undergone required diagnostic modalities to diagnose malignancies properly. A literature search in Ovid, Medline and PubMed was carried out using the terms secondary cancer, chemotherapy and radiotherapy to provide enough material to discuss findings. A medical in formation scientist performed the literature retrieval and the initial screening of relevant studies. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Quantitative data was expressed as mean  ± standard deviation and frequency (percentage). Case history Patients primary malignancies type and administered therapy are shown in Table 1. Patients Secondary cancer type and features of therapy administered is shown in Table 2. Patients No.1 was a 15 years old girl, who presented with pain in buttocks when she was 4 years old, then following bone marrow biopsy. She was first diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma. During 1 year of treatment, She underwent VAC/IE (vincristine (VCR) + doxorubicin (ADR) + cyclophosphamide (CPA) alternating with ifosfamide (IF) + etoposide) regimen. This treatment protocol led to complete remission. After 1 year, during a routine laboratory test, elevated levels of white blood cell was detected. Following flow-cytometry and cytogenetic studies, pre-B cell precursor ALL diagnosis was confirmed, which was associated with central nervous system involvement according to lumbar puncture examination. During 3 years, she was administered with X regimen. Also, complete CNS prophylaxis protocol was also administered. Complete remission was confirmed for her after treatment. During 6 years of follow-up, she has not had any signs of relapse. Patient No.2 was a 12 years old boy, who attended clinic presenting with balance disorder. Following 24-hour urine catecholamine test and MIBG scan neuroblastoma diagnosis was made. He underwent OPEC regimen (vincristine, cisplatin, etoposide and cyclophosphamide) and daunorubicin, which led to remission. When he was 6 years old, in a routine laboratory test, elevated white blood cells were detected. Flow-cytometry studies indicated ALL(L1), so the patient was administered with standard regimen and intrathecal chemotherapy. This treatment led to complete remission. During 2 years of follow-up patients has no sign of relapse. Patient No.3 was a 14 year old, who had first presented with headache. Following imaging, meduloblastoma diagnosis was made. After 10 months of chemotherapy and radiation, patient had complete remission. Patient had a history of heart failure. Two years later, an elevated white blood cells were detected in complete blood count. Flow-cytometry studies revealed non-M3 AML. Despite chemotherapy, patient was expired after 12 days of treatment initiation. Patients No.4 was 12 years old girl, who presented with intermittent coughs. So, bronchoscopy was performed, which revealed small cell lung tumor. She underwent 4 months of chemotherapy , radiotherapy and pulmonary lobectomy. During this period, when she had been receiving chemotherapy for 3 months, she presented altered level of consciousness. Following lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid flowcytometry AML diagnosis was made. She underwent CNS prophylaxis. Despite 3 months of treatment, patient was expired. Patient No.5 is a 21 year old girl, who first presented with right sided pre-orbital swelling when she was 12 years old. Following biopsy, histiocytosis X diagnosis was made. After treatment she was in complete remission, but two years later a brain CT scan revealed signs of disease relapse. when 15 years old, due to the elevated white blood cells count and flow-cytometry AML(M1) diagnosis was made. Although patient underwent 2 years of chemotherapy, she did not continue the treatment process, so she was lost to follow-up. Patient No.6 is a 13 year old girl, who was first diagnosed with retinoblastoma when she was 4 months old. She underwent VEC (vincristine+etoposide+carboplatin) chemotherapy protocol and radiotherapy. Enucleation was performed for both eyes when she was 2 years old. At last, patient had complete remission. When she was 11 years old, she attended clinic with right-sided face pain. After biopsy, osteosarcoma diagnosis was made. She underwent MAP protocol (High-dose methotrexate, cisplatin, and doxorubicin), ifosfamide and etoposide for 40 weeks. After complete remission, she has had no sign of relapse so far. Patient No.7 is a 12 years old boy, who was first diagnosed with actrocytoma grade II-III shown as a supratentorial mass in brain imaging which was confirmed by biopsy. Then, patient underwent PCV (lomustine + procarbazine + vincristine) plus temozolomide protocol and radiotherapy. After 6 courses of chemotherapy, patients underwent gross total resection of tumor. One year after complete remission, patient presented with backache. Biopsy indicated gliosarcoma. So far patient has undergone radiotherapy and surgery, also he is still going through chemotherapy. Based on the literature review, Discussion Based on information from the U.S. Surveillance Epidemiology, about 16 percent of cancers are in persons with a prior history of cancer. It is thought that the main point behind this phenomenon is that patients after treatment of cancer, patients live long enough to have second cancer (14). But as matter of fact, the cancer experience does not finish as treatment does. Cancer and the administered treatment (including radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, hormonal therapy, and newer drug therapies) can affect almost every aspect of an individuals life. Besides, not considering the secondary cancers as a part of natural incidences of time course, secondary cancers might be due to the treatments received by the patients at time of primary cancer treatment (15). Most of the therapies used in cancer, aim at destroying cancerous cells by affecting their genetic structures, but in therapy process normal cell are also involved just as malignant cells. This involvement will consequently lead to a poptosis, mutation or recovery. Mutations are tried to be minimized by the corrective mechanisms defined in cells and immune system (16). When these mechanisms fail a newly established malignancy is unavoidable. Current study presents 7 patients with secondary cancers (5 hematological malignancies, 1 osteosarcoma and 1 gliosarcoma). All secondary malignancies in current study had mesanchymal components, also both localized secondary malignancies (gliosarcoma and osteosarcoma) were in previous radiotherapy field. Vincristine, etopside and alkylating agents (such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide) were the most used cytotoxic drugs. Both patients No.3 and 4 who were expired, had undergone chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Based on the literature review, alkylating agents such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide are know of mainstays of treatments for hematologic malignancies, solid tumors and preconditioning regiments for hematologic stem cell transplantation, but it has been shown that they are important risk factors for development of secondary malignancies as they increase in the relative risk for a secondary malignancy of 1.5-2.5 (17-21). Especially, exposure to alkylating agents has been associated with an increased risk hematologic malignancies development, often referred to as therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia (22, 23). Therapy-related AML seems to have an onset within 5-7 years after therapy for primary cancer, and this risk appears to increase further with the concomitant use of epipodophyllotoxins such as etopside (24). In present case series, patients No. 1,2 and 4 had also received a combination of alkylating agents and etopside, which could have been a major risk factor for the se condary malignancy. In a study by Bhatia et al. investigating Therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone, it was concluded that exposure to ifosfamide from 90 to 140 g/m2, cyclophosphamide from 9.6 to 17.6 g/m2, and doxorubicin from 375 to 450 mg/m2 increased the risk of tharapy related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia significantly (25). Patient No. 1 had also received doxorubicin, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide , but the cumulative doses were not that much of what Bhatia et al.(25) mentioned. In a study by Granowetter et al. about comparing dose-Intensified with standard chemotherapy for non-metastatic Ewing sarcoma, it was concluded that dose escalation of alkylating agents do not improve the outcome for patients with Ewing sarcoma of bone or soft tissue (25). So, by taking this into account, more cautious approaches should be chosen when deciding about chemotherapy doses, especially alkylating agents. Topoisomerase II inhibitors as another well-known chemotherapeutic agents are widely used treatment of pediatric malignancies. This category includes anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) , anthracenediones as well as epipodophyllotoxins (e.g. etoposide and tenoposide)(26). Therapy related AMLs due to topoisomerase II inhibitors are known as an entity of therapy and incidence varies in literature, but has been reported as high as 9% (27-29). In contrast to the latency period after exposure to alkylating agents which was about 5-7 years, therapy related AMLs after topoisomerase II exposures have a more early onset, usually within 2-3 years after primary malignancy chemotherapy (24). In present case series, the time interval between secondary AMLs and primary therapy were less than 2 years, which is less than what mentioned for alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors; this might be due to the combination of these categories in our therapy protocols. Based on studies, the most eff ective agents against secondary hematologic malignancies due to top topoisomerase II inhibitors are cytarabine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, docetazel, mitoxantrone, gemcitabine, mitomycin C, etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, triethylnemelamine, and vinblastine (30-32). Also, in present case series, following agents were used for secondary malignancy chemotherapy. Ionizing radiation as a standard of care for many pediatric malignancies is used in many conditions such as CNS malignancies, Hodgkins lymphoma, solid tumors and as part of preconditioning regimens for hematologic stem cell transplantation (33). Carcinogen role of ionizing radiation is reported in detail in the literature. According to The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, ionizing radiation exposure was accompanied with a relative risk of developing secondary malignancy of 2.7, and was also the strongest independent risk factor for secondary malignancy development (34). In a study based on German Childhood Cancer Registry, it was concluded that ionizing radiation after adjustment for various chemotherapy was associated with an odds ratio of developing a secondary malignancy at 2.05 (35). For the development of secondary malignancy after radiation the latency period is typically 10-15 years after primary treatment is typically 10-15 years after primary treatment (36). Common secondary malignancies seen in pediatric population with prior cancer history include bone tumors, breast and thyroid carcinoma, non-melanoma skin cancer and benign CNS tumors. These tumors are often associated with previously irradiated treatment region (4, 37-39); in present case series, patients No. 3, 4, 6 and 7 had received radiotherapy, and in patients No. 6 and 7 had the secondary malignancies where the prior field of radiotherapy was, although incidence of these malignancies are far less than the latency period mentioned. Radiotherapy is the most important therapeutic modality in the treatment of many primary CNS tumors, so this have brought secondary malignancies as an undeniable component of this modality (40). In a study by Packer et al. studying survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, reported on 359 children with medulloblastoma treated with 2,340 cGy of craniospinal radiation with 5,580 cGy of posterior fossa radiotherapy and chemotherapy, also it was reported that 5 percent of patients developed a secondary malignancy, with a majority of them being highly aggressive gliomas. The median time to a secondary malignancy was 5.8 years, with an estimated cumulative incidence rate at 5 and 10 years of 1.1 percent and 4.2% percent, respectively (41); similar to this study, in present case series, patient No. 7 who had undergone radiotherapy due to astrocytoma, developed gliosarcoma as the secondary tumor. Fortunately this patients is currently under treatment and his condition is improving. Conclusion Present case series study, presented a series of patients with secondary neoplasms with their administered cumulative doses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Considering this , these information might lead to a more cautious approach in selecting chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols. Further studies should focus on comparing different treatment protocols with adequate follow-up period not also to evaluate treatment efficacy, but to assess long term consequences. Also, studies with more detailed treatment protocol of patients with secondary malignancies should be performed to make a more precise conclusion. References: 1.Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers in survivors of childhood cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2002;2(2):124-32. 2.Hall EJ. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, protons, and the risk of second cancers. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2006;65(1):1-7. 3.Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2015;65(1):5-29. 4.Schneider U, Lomax A, Lombriser N. Comparative risk assessment of secondary cancer incidence after treatment of Hodgkins disease with photon and proton radiation. Radiation research. 2000;154(4):382-8. 5.Henderson TO, Rajaraman P, Stovall M, Constine LS, Olive A, Smith SA, et al. Risk factors associated with secondary sarcomas in childhood cancer survivors: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2012;84(1):224-30. 6.Ng AK, Bernardo MP, Weller E, Backstrand K, Silver B, Marcus KC, et al. Second malignancy after Hodgkin disease treated with radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy: long-term risks and risk factors. Blood. 2002;100(6):1989-96. 7.Tarella C, Passera R, Magni M, Benedetti F, Rossi A, Gueli A, et al. Risk factors for the development of secondary malignancy after high-dose chemotherapy and autograft, with or without rituximab: a 20-year retrospective follow-up study in patients with lymphoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2010:JCO. 2010.28. 9777. 8.Neglia JP, Friedman DL, Yasui Y, Mertens AC, Hammond S, Stovall M, et al. Second malignant neoplasms in five-year survivors of childhood cancer: childhood cancer survivor study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001;93(8):618-29. 9.Kleinerman RA, Tucker MA, Tarone RE, Abramson DH, Seddon JM, Stovall M, et al. Risk of new cancers after radiotherapy in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma: an extended follow-up. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23(10):2272-9. 10.Miralbell R, Lomax A, Cella L, Schneider U. Potential reduction of the incidence of radiation-induced second cancers by using proton beams in the treatment of pediatric tumors. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2002;54(3):824-9. 11.Tward JD, Wendland MM, Shrieve DC, Szabo A, Gaffney DK. The risk of secondary malignancies over 30 years after the treatment of nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2006;107(1):108-15. 12.Travis LB, Gospodarowicz M, Curtis RE, Aileen Clarke E, Andersson M, Glimelius B, et al. Lung Cancer Following Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy for Hodgkins Disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2002;94(3):182-92. 13.Veiga LHS, Bhatti P, Ronckers CM, Sigurdson AJ, Stovall M, Smith SA, et al. Chemotherapy and Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2012;21(1):92-101. 14.Andrykowski MA. Physical and mental health status of survivors of multiple cancer diagnoses. Cancer. 2012;118(14):3645-53. 15.Boffetta P, Kaldor JM. Secondary malignancies following cancer chemotherapy. Acta Oncologica. 1994;33(6):591-8. 16.Obeid M, Panaretakis T, Tesniere A, Joza N, Tufi R, Apetoh L, et al. Leveraging the immune system during chemotherapy: moving calreticulin to the cell surface converts apoptotic death from silent to immunogenic. Cancer Research. 2007;67(17):7941-4. 17.Mertens AC, Liu Q, Neglia JP, Wasilewski K, Leisenring W, Armstrong GT, et al. Cause-Specific Late Mortality Among 5-Year Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2008;100(19):1368-79. 18.Hawkins MM, Wilson LMK, Burton HS, Potok MH, Winter DL, Marsden HB, et al. Radiotherapy, alkylating agents, and risk of bone cancer after childhood cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1996;88(5):270-8. 19.Christiansen DH, Andersen MK, Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Mutations of AML1 are common in therapy-related myelodysplasia following therapy with alkylating agents and are significantly associated with deletion or loss of chromosome arm 7q and with subsequent leukemic transformation. Blood. 2004;104(5):1474-81. 20.Davies SM. Therapyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related leukemia associated with alkylating agents. Medical and pediatric oncology. 2001;36(5):536-40. 21.Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Insights into leukemogenesis from therapy-related leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;352(15):1591-4. 22.Schoch C, Kern W, Schnittger S, Hiddemann W, Haferlach T. Karyotype is an independent prognostic parameter in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML): an analysis of 93 patients with t-AML in comparison to 1091 patients with de novo AML. Leukemia. 2004;18(1):120-5. 23.Linassier C, Barin C, Calais G, Letortorec S, Bremond J-L, Delain M, et al. Early secondary acute myelogenous leukemia in breast cancer patients after treatment with mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and radiation therapy. Annals of oncology. 2000;11(10):1289-94. 24.Hijiya N, Ness KK, Ribeiro RC, Hudson MM. Acute leukemia as a secondary malignancy in children and adolescents: current findings and issues. Cancer. 2009;115(1):23-35. 25.Bhatia S, Krailo MD, Chen Z, Burden L, Askin FB, Dickman PS, et al. Therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone: a report from the Childrens Oncology Group. Blood. 2007;109(1):46-51. 26.Hande KR. Topoisomerase II inhibitors. update on cancer therapeutics. 2008;3(1):13-26. 27.Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S, Zacher M, Onciu M, Behm FG, et al. Cumulative incidence of secondary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Jama. 2007;297(11):1207-15. 28.Pui CH, Relling MV. Topoisomerase II inhibitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related acute myeloid leukaemia. British journal of haematology. 2000;109(1):13-23. 29.Ezoe S. Secondary leukemia associated with the anti-cancer agent, etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2012;9(7):2444-53. 30.Hoeksema KA, Jayanthan A, Cooper T, Gore L, Trippett T, Boklan J, et al. Systematic in-vitro evaluation of the NCI/NIH Developmental Therapeutics Program Approved Oncology Drug Set for the identification of a candidate drug repertoire for MLL-rearranged leukemia. Onco Targets Ther. 2011;4:149-68. 31.De Boer J, Walf-Vorderwà ¼lbecke V, Williams O. In focus: MLL-rearranged leukemia. Leukemia. 2013;27(6):1224-8. 32.Bernt KM, Armstrong SA. Targeting epigenetic programs in MLL-rearranged leukemias. ASH Education Program Book. 2011;2011(1):354-60. 33.Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, Hall EJ, Land CE, Little JB, et al. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003;100(24):13761-6. 34.Friedman DL, Whitton J, Leisenring W, Mertens AC, Hammond S, Stovall M, et al. Subsequent neoplasms in 5-year survivors of childhood cancer: the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2010;102(14):1083-95. 35.Kaatsch P, Reinisch I, Spix C, Berthold F, Janka-Schaub G, Mergenthaler A, et al. Case-control study on the therapy of childhood cancer and the occurrence of second malignant neoplasms in Germany. Cancer causes control. 2009;20(6):965-80. 36.Goldsby R, Burke C, Nagarajan R, Zhou T, Chen Z, Marina N, et al. Second solid malignancies among children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with malignant bone tumors after 1976. Cancer. 2008;113(9):2597-604. 37.Constine LS, Tarbell N, Hudson MM, Schwartz C, Fisher SG, Muhs AG, et al. Subsequent malignancies in children treated for Hodgkins disease: associations with gender and radiation dose. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2008;72(1):24-33. 38.Kry SF, Salehpour M, Followill DS, Stovall M, Kuban DA, White RA, et al. The calculated risk of fatal secondary malignancies from intensity-modulated radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2005;62(4):1195-203. 39.Werner-Wasik M, Swann RS, Bradley J, Graham M, Emami B, Purdy J, et al. Increasing tumor volume is predictive of poor overall and progression-free survival: Secondary analysis of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 93-11 phase I-II radiation dose-escalation study in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2008;70(2):385-90. 40.Soussain C, Ricard D, Fike JR, Mazeron J-J, Psimaras D, Delattre J-Y. CNS complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The Lancet. 2009;374(9701):1639-51. 41.Packer RJ, Zhou T, Holmes E, Vezina G, Gajjar A. Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of Childrens Oncology Group trial A9961. Neuro-Oncology. 2012. Table 1- Primary malignancies, administered cytotoxic and radiation therapies administered to patients . Patient No. Primary malignancy Age at diagnosis Treatment duration Chemotherapy (cumulative doses) Radiotherapy (cumulative doses) 1 Ewing sarcoma 4 y/o 1 year VCR 9.9 mg VP16 3630 mg IF 55 gr ADR 140 mg CPA 7 gr 2 Neuroblastoma 18 mo. 22 mo. VCR 9 mg CPA 3.5 gr VP16 400 mg ADR 60 mg Cisplatin 160 mg 3 Meduloblastoma 10 10 months VCR 24 mg CCNU 320 mg 360 Gy and 180 Gy (posterior fossa) 4 Small round cell tumor 12 4 months VCR 12 mg IF 60 gr VP16 3.9 gr 8 Gy 5 Histiocytosis X 12 1 year Vinblastine 135 mg 6 Retinoblastoma 4 mo. 14 months VCR 14 mg VP16 700 mg Carboplatin 3.5 gr 60 Gy 7 Astrocytoma 2 months 6 months months<

Loneliness In Of Mice And Men Essay -- English Literature

Loneliness In Of Mice And Men John Steinbeck’s Of Mice & Men: Loneliness ========================================== Loneliness is a state of being alone in sadness, resulting from being isolated or abandoned. As I understand it, loneliness is when a person has no one to talk to, no one to confide in, nor anyone to keep companionship with. Loneliness also makes a person slip into a desolate state, which they try to conceal under a tough image, and is an emotion even the strongest cannot avoid. In his novel, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck deals with loneliness by looking for comfort in a friend, but settling for the attentive ear of a stranger. Although they seem at ease and friendly on the surface, a deep sense of loneliness lingers in the hearts of Crooks, George, and Curley's wife, to which they are desperate to find an escape from to cope with their seclusion from the rest of society. Crooks, a lively, sharp-witted, black stablehand, who takes his name from his crooked back, leads a lonely life. He lives according to the rule that no black man is allowed to enter a white man's home. Crooks’ loneliness is a result of rejection from everyone else on the ranch. He is forced to live alone in a barn, where he lives his life in isolation because of his colour, which was an issue in those days. When Lennie visits him in the room, Crooks' reactions reveal the fact that he is lonely. As a black man with a physical handicap, Crooks is forced to live on the border of ranch life. He is not even allowed to enter the white men's bunkhouse, or join them in a game of cards. His resentment typically comes out through his bitter, sad, and touching vulnerability, as he tells Lennie: â€Å"†¦A guy needs somebody to be nea... ...ch seems to disappear when narrating the story of the farm to Lennie. Curley's wife's loneliness is covered behind the mask of a portrayed prostitute, but the mask falls off during her conversations with strangers, including Lennie. I think John Steinbeck's message about loneliness and people's attempts to overcome loneliness in the novel is to reveal to us the nature of human's true existence. One cannot escape from being lonely, and the characters' attempts to overcome their loneliness is to seek the desire and comfort of a friend, but settle for the attentive ear of a stranger. I feel that Steinbeck is not completely successful in delivering his message across because for a full realization, one has to dig deep into the story, as well as place themselves in the shoes of a character to emphasize with, as well as relate to them and perceive their misery.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay

Ralph Waldo Emerson, who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century, once wrote, â€Å"The virtue in most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its aversion. † The Transcendentalist were a group of people who believed that everyone was equal and had power inside them as an individual. In the mid-19th century Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman were the main writers and thinkers of the transcendentalist movement. In the 1960’s as African American’s fought for civil rights in a cruel society. William Melvin Kelly combines the two in the book â€Å"A Different Drummer. † This book tells the story of Tucker Caliban, a black farmer who encourages a huge amount of blacks to leave the south when he decides to salt his crops and burn down his house and leave. Tucker embodies the characteristics of a Transcendentalist according to Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman in three ways: he does what he wants without an explanation, he’s self-reliant, and he fights a corrupt system in his own way. Tucker does what he wants without an explanation or logic. Tucker stays out all night to teach Dewey how to ride a bike, even though his grandfather would be mad. Tucker also burned his house down and salted his crops without explaining this to his wife or to anyone else. Tucker writes Dewey a letter in college, he ask about the bike he taught him to ride. Dewey doesn’t understand why because Tucker really didn’t explain what he wanted to know about the bike. This shows Tucker really doesn’t tell anyone his logic behind his actions. â€Å"To be great is to be misunderstood†, Emerson. This quote refers to Tucker because he is misunderstood by the whites. This shows he’s also self-reliant and free spirited. Tucker Caliban is self-reliant and unique. Tucker self taught himself to farm and ride a bike. He also doesn’t believe in the civil rights movement which most other blacks strongly believe in. He also believes everyone has to free themselves or else there not really free. This shows that Tucker Caliban is not just any other black, he’s unique. But he also fights the south’s corrupt system in his own one of a kind way. â€Å"We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of us represents. † This quote refers to Tucker because he is different and others are afraid to be different. Tucker Caliban is a rebel and he fights the system. He burned down his house and salted his crops because that’s where the slaves worked for the Willsons. He broke the grandfather clock because it was bought the same day as the African. He cut down the tree that separated his land from the Willisons, that was there from the days of slavery. He did all of this to cut his ties from slavery and from the south.† Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of everyone of its members. † This refers to the south and other blacks like Tucker. Therefore Tucker Caliban embodies the characteristics of a Transcendentalist according to Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman in three ways: he does what he wants without an explanation, he’s self-reliant, and he fights a corrupt system in his own way. Tucker’s movement from the south is a strong step in the right direction for racism in the south. To me what Tucker did was strong and no else was strong enough to leave before Tucker did it.

Nelson Mandela - A Biography

Nelson Mandela - A Biography Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa in 1994, following the first multiracial election in South Africas history. Mandela was imprisoned from 1962 to 1990 for his role in fighting apartheid policies established by the ruling white minority. Revered by his people as a national symbol of the struggle for equality, Mandela is considered one of the 20th centurys most influential political figures. He and South African Prime Minister F.W. de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for their role in dismantling the apartheid system. Dates: July 18, 1918- December 5, 2013 Also Known As: Rolihlahla Mandela, Madiba, Tata Famous quote:   I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. Childhood Nelson Rilihlahla Mandela was born in the village of Mveso, Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918 to Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa and Noqaphi Nosekeni, the third of Gadlas four wives. In Mandelas native language, Xhosa, Rolihlahla meant troublemaker. The surname Mandela came from one of his grandfathers. Mandelas father was a chief of the Thembu tribe in the Mvezo region, but served under the authority of the ruling British government. As a descendant of royalty, Mandela was expected to serve in his fathers role when he came of age. But when Mandela was only an infant, his father rebelled against the British government by refusing a mandatory appearance before the British magistrate. For this, he was stripped of his chieftaincy and his wealth, and forced to leave his home. Mandela and his three sisters moved with their mother back to her home village of Qunu. There, the family lived in more modest circumstances. The family lived in mud huts and survived on the crops they grew and the cattle and sheep they raised. Mandela, along with the other village boys, worked herding sheep and cattle. He later recalled this as one of the happiest periods in his life. Many evenings, villagers sat around the fire, telling the children stories passed down through generations, of what life had been like before the white man had arrived. From the mid-17th century, Europeans (first the Dutch and later the British) had arrived on South African soil and gradually taken control from the native South African tribes. The discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa in the 19th century had only tightened the grip that Europeans had on the nation. By 1900, most of South Africa was under the control of Europeans. In 1910, the British colonies merged with the Boer (Dutch) republics to form the Union of South Africa, a part of the British Empire. Stripped of their homelands, many Africans were forced to work for white employers at low-paying jobs. Young Nelson Mandela, living in his small village, did not yet feel the impact of centuries of domination by the white minority. Mandelas Education Although themselves uneducated, Mandelas parents wanted their son to go to school. At the age of seven, Mandela was enrolled in the local mission school. On the first day of class, each child was given an English first name; Rolihlahla was given the name Nelson. When he was nine years old, Mandelas father died. According to his fathers last wishes, Mandela was sent to live in the Thembu capital, Mqhekezeweni, where he could continue his education under the guidance of another tribal chief, Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Upon first seeing the chiefs estate, Mandela marveled at his large home and beautiful gardens. In Mqhekezeweni, Mandela attended another mission school and became a devout Methodist during his years with the Dalindyebo family. Mandela also attended tribal meetings with the chief, who taught him how a leader should conduct himself. When Mandela was 16, he was sent to a boarding school in a town several hundred miles away. Upon his graduation in 1937 at the age of 19, Mandela enrolled in Healdtown, a Methodist college. An accomplished student, Mandela also became active in boxing, soccer, and long-distance running. In 1939, after earning his certificate, Mandela began his studies for a Bachelor of Arts at the prestigious Fort Hare College, with a plan to ultimately attend law school. But Mandela did not complete his studies at Fort Hare; instead, he was expelled after participating in a student protest. He returned to the home of Chief Dalindyebo, where he was met with anger and disappointment. Just weeks after his return home, Mandela received stunning news from the chief. Dalindyebo had arranged for both his son, Justice, and Nelson Mandela to marry women of his choosing. Neither young man would consent to an arranged marriage, so the two decided to flee to Johannesburg, the South African capital. Desperate for money to finance their trip, Mandela and Justice stole two of the chiefs oxen and sold them for train fare. Move to Johannesburg Arriving in Johannesburg in 1940, Mandela found the bustling city an exciting place. Soon, however, he was awakened to the injustice of the black mans life in South Africa. Prior to moving to the capital, Mandela had lived mainly among other blacks. But in Johannesburg, he saw the disparity between the races. Black residents lived in slum-like townships that had no electricity or running water; while whites lived grandly off the wealth of the gold mines. Mandela moved in with a cousin and quickly found a job as a security guard. He was soon fired when his employers learned about his theft of the oxen and his escape from his benefactor. Mandelas luck changed when he was introduced to Lazar Sidelsky, a liberal-minded white lawyer. After learning of Mandelas desire to become an attorney, Sidelsky, who ran a large law firm serving both blacks and whites, offered to let Mandela work for him as a law clerk. Mandela gratefully accepted and took on the job at the age of 23, even as he worked to finish his BA via correspondence course. Mandela rented a room in one of the local black townships. He studied by candlelight each night and often walked the six miles to work and back because he lacked bus fare. Sidelsky supplied him with an old suit, which Mandela patched up and wore nearly every day for five years. Committed to the Cause In 1942, Mandela finally completed his BA and enrolled at the University of Witwatersrand as a part-time law student. At Wits, he met several people who would work with him in the years to come for the cause of liberation. In 1943, Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC),  an organization that worked to improve conditions for blacks in South Africa. That same year, Mandela marched in a successful bus boycott staged by thousands of residents of Johannesburg in protest of high bus fares. As he grew more infuriated by racial inequalities, Mandela deepened his commitment to the struggle for liberation. He helped to form the Youth League, which sought to recruit younger members and transform the ANC into a more militant organization, one that would fight for equal rights. Under laws of the time, Africans were forbidden from owning land or houses in the towns, their wages were five times lower than those of whites, and none could vote. In 1944, Mandela, 26, married nurse Evelyn Mase, 22, and they moved into a small rental home. The couple had a son, Madiba (Thembi), in February 1945, and a daughter, Makaziwe, in 1947. Their daughter died of meningitis as an infant. They welcomed another son, Makgatho, in 1950, and a second daughter, named Makaziwe after her late sister, in 1954. Following the general elections of 1948 in which the white National Party claimed victory, the partys first official act was to establish apartheid. With this act, the long-held, haphazard system of segregation in South Africa became a formal, institutionalized policy, supported by laws and regulations. The new policy would even determine, by race, which parts of town each group could live in. Blacks and whites were to be separated from each other in all aspects of life, including public transportation, in theaters and restaurants, and even on beaches. The Defiance Campaign Mandela completed his law studies in 1952 and, with partner Oliver Tambo, opened the first black law practice in Johannesburg. The practice was busy from the start. Clients included Africans who suffered the injustices of racism, such as seizure of property by whites and beatings by the police. Despite facing hostility from white judges and lawyers, Mandela was a successful attorney. He had a dramatic, impassioned style in the courtroom. During the 1950s, Mandela became more actively involved with the protest movement. He was elected president of the ANC Youth League in 1950. In June 1952, the ANC, along with Indians and colored (biracial) people- two other groups also targeted by discriminatory laws- began a period of nonviolent protest known as the Defiance Campaign. Mandela spearheaded the campaign by recruiting, training, and organizing volunteers. The campaign lasted six months, with cities and towns throughout South Africa participating. Volunteers defied the laws by entering areas meant for whites only. Several thousand were arrested in that six-month time, including Mandela and other ANC leaders. He and the other members of the group were found guilty of statutory communism and sentenced to nine months of hard labor, but the sentence was suspended. The publicity garnered during the Defiance Campaign helped membership in the ANC soar to 100,000. Arrested for Treason The government twice banned Mandela, meaning that he could not attend public meetings, or even family gatherings, because of his involvement in the ANC. His 1953 banning lasted two years. Mandela, along with others on the executive committee of the ANC, drew up the Freedom Charter in June 1955 and presented it during a special meeting called the Congress of the People. The charter called for equal rights for all, regardless of race, and the ability of all citizens to vote, own land, and hold decent-paying jobs. In essence, the charter called for a non-racial South Africa. Months after the charter was presented, police raided the homes of hundreds of members of the ANC and arrested them. Mandela and 155 others were charged with high treason. They were released to await a trial date. Mandelas marriage to Evelyn suffered from the strain of his long absences; they divorced in 1957 after 13 years of marriage. Through work, Mandela met Winnie Madikizela, a social worker who had sought his legal advice. They married in June 1958, just months before Mandelas trial began in August. Mandela was 39 years old, Winnie only 21. The trial would last three years; during that time, Winnie gave birth to two daughters, Zenani and Zindziswa. Sharpeville Massacre The trial, whose venue was changed to Pretoria, moved at a snails pace. The preliminary arraignment alone took a year; the actual trial didnt start until August 1959. Charges were dropped against all but 30 of the accused. Then, on March 21, 1960, the trial was interrupted by a national crisis. In early March, another anti-apartheid group, the Pan African Congress (PAC) had held large demonstrations protesting strict pass laws, which required Africans to carry identification papers with them at all times in order to be able to travel throughout the country. During one such protest in Sharpeville, police had opened fire on unarmed protestors, killing 69, and wounding more than 400. The shocking incident, which was universally condemned, was called the Sharpeville Massacre. Mandela and other ANC leaders called for a national day of mourning, along with a stay at home strike. Hundreds of thousands participated in a mostly peaceful demonstration, but some rioting erupted. The South African government declared a national state of emergency and martial law was enacted. Mandela and his co-defendants were moved into prison cells, and both the ANC and PAC were officially banned. The treason trial resumed on April 25, 1960 and lasted until March 29, 1961. To the surprise of many, the court dropped charges against all of the defendants, citing a lack of evidence proving that the defendants had planned to violently overthrow the government. For many, it was cause for celebration, but Nelson Mandela had no time to celebrate. He was about to enter into a new- and dangerous- chapter in his life. The Black Pimpernel Prior to the verdict, the banned ANC had held an illegal meeting and decided that if Mandela was acquitted, he would go underground after the trial. He would operate clandestinely to give speeches and gather support for the liberation movement. A new organization, the National Action Council (NAC), was formed and Mandela named as its leader. In accordance with the ANC plan, Mandela became a fugitive directly after the trial. He went into hiding at the first of several safe houses, most of them located in the Johannesburg area. Mandela stayed on the move, knowing that the police were looking everywhere for him. Venturing out only at night, when he felt safest, Mandela dressed in disguises, such as a chauffeur or a chef. He made unannounced appearances, giving speeches at places that were presumed safe, and also made radio broadcasts. The press took to calling him the Black Pimpernel, after the title character in the novel The Scarlet Pimpernel. In October 1961, Mandela moved to a farm in Rivonia, outside of Johannesburg. He was safe for a time there and could even enjoy visits from Winnie and their daughters. Spear of the Nation In response to the governments increasingly violent treatment of protestors, Mandela developed a new arm of the ANC- a military unit that he named Spear of the Nation, known also as MK. The MK would operate using a strategy of sabotage, targeting military installations, power facilities, and transportation links. Its goal was to damage property of the state, but not to harm individuals. The MKs first attack came in December 1961, when they bombed an electric power station and empty government offices in Johannesburg. Weeks later, another set of bombings were carried out. White South Africans were startled into the realization that they could no longer take their safety for granted. In January 1962, Mandela, who had never in his life been out of South Africa, was smuggled out of the country to attend a Pan-African conference. He hoped to get financial and military support from other African nations, but was not successful. In Ethiopia, Mandela received training in how to fire a gun and how to build small explosives. Captured After 16 months on the run, Mandela was captured on August 5, 1962, when the car he was driving was overtaken by police. He was arrested on charges of leaving the country illegally and inciting a strike. The trial began on October 15, 1962. Refusing counsel, Mandela spoke on his own behalf. He used his time in court to denounce the governments immoral, discriminatory policies. Despite his impassioned speech, he was sentenced to five years in prison. Mandela was 44 years old when he entered Pretoria Local Prison. Imprisoned in Pretoria for six months, Mandela was then taken to Robben Island, a bleak, isolated prison off the coast of Cape Town, in May 1963. After only a few weeks there, Mandela learned he was about to head back to court- this time on charges of sabotage. He would be charged along with several other members of MK, who had been arrested on the farm in Rivonia. During the trial, Mandela admitted his role in the formation of MK. He emphasized his belief that the protestors were only working toward what they deserved- equal political rights. Mandela concluded his statement by saying that he was prepared to die for his cause. Mandela and his seven co-defendants received guilty verdicts on June 11, 1964. They could have been sentenced to death for so serious a charge, but each was given life imprisonment. All of the men (except one white prisoner) were sent to Robben Island. Life at Robben Island At Robben Island, each prisoner had a small cell with a single light that stayed on 24 hours a day. Prisoners slept on the floor upon a thin mat. Meals consisted of cold porridge and an occasional vegetable or piece of meat (although Indian and Asian prisoners received more generous rations than their black counterparts.) As a reminder of their lower status, black prisoners wore short pants all year-round, whereas others were allowed to wear trousers. Inmates spent nearly ten hours a day at hard labor, digging out rocks from a limestone quarry. The hardships of prison life made it difficult to maintain ones dignity, but Mandela resolved not to be defeated by his imprisonment. He became the spokesperson and leader of the group, and was known by his clan name, Madiba. Over the years, Mandela led the prisoners in numerous protests- hunger strikes, food boycotts, and work slowdowns. He also demanded reading and study privileges. In most cases, the protests eventually yielded results. Mandela suffered personal losses during his imprisonment. His mother died in January 1968 and his 25-year-old son Thembi died in a car accident the following year. A heartbroken Mandela was not allowed to attend either funeral. In 1969, Mandela received word that his wife Winnie had been arrested on charges of communist activities. She spent 18 months in solitary confinement and was subjected to torture. The knowledge that Winnie had been imprisoned caused Mandela great distress. Free Mandela Campaign Throughout his imprisonment, Mandela remained the symbol of the anti-apartheid movement, still inspiring his countrymen. Following a Free Mandela campaign in 1980 that attracted global attention, the government capitulated somewhat. In April 1982, Mandela and four other Rivonia prisoners were transferred to Pollsmoor Prison on the mainland. Mandela was 62 years old and had been at Robben Island for 19 years. Conditions were much improved from those at Robben Island. Inmates were allowed to read newspapers, watch TV, and receive visitors. Mandela was given a lot of publicity, as the government wanted to prove to the world that he was being treated well. In an effort to stem the violence and repair the failing economy, Prime Minister P.W. Botha announced on January 31, 1985 that he would release Nelson Mandela if Mandela agreed to renounce violent demonstrations. But Mandela refused any offer that was not unconditional. In December 1988, Mandela was transferred to a private residence at the Victor Verster prison outside Cape Town and later brought in for secret negotiations with the government. Little was accomplished, however, until Botha resigned from his position in August 1989, forced out by his cabinet. His successor, F.W. de Klerk, was ready to negotiate for peace. He was willing to meet with Mandela. Freedom at Last At Mandelas urging, de Klerk released Mandelas fellow political prisoners without condition in October 1989. Mandela and de Klerk had long discussions about the illegal status of the ANC and other opposition groups, but came to no specific agreement. Then, on February 2, 1990, de Klerk made an announcement that stunned Mandela and all of South Africa. De Klerk enacted a number of sweeping reforms, lifting the bans on the ANC, the PAC, and the Communist Party, among others. He lifted the restrictions still in place from the 1986 state of emergency and ordered the release of all nonviolent political prisoners. On February 11, 1990, Nelson Mandela was given an unconditional release from prison. After 27 years in custody, he was a free man at the age of 71. Mandela was welcomed home by thousands of people cheering in the streets. Soon after his return home, Mandela learned that his wife Winnie had fallen in love with another man in his absence. The Mandelas separated in April 1992 and later divorced. Mandela knew that despite the impressive changes that had been made, there was still much work to be done. He returned immediately to working for the ANC, traveling across South Africa to speak with various groups and to serve as a negotiator for further reforms. In 1993, Mandela and de Klerk were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their joint effort to bring about peace in South Africa. President Mandela On April 27, 1994, South Africa held its first election in which blacks were allowed to vote. The ANC won 63 percent of the votes, a majority in Parliament. Nelson Mandela- only four years after his release from prison- was elected the first black president of South Africa. Nearly three centuries of white domination had ended. Mandela visited many Western nations in an attempt to convince leaders to work with the new government in South Africa. He also made efforts to help bring about peace in several African nations, including Botswana, Uganda, and Libya. Mandela soon earned the admiration and respect of many outside of South Africa. During Mandelas term, he addressed the need for housing, running water, and electricity for all South Africans. The government also returned land to those it had been taken from, and made it legal again for blacks to own land. In 1998, Mandela married Graca Machel on his eightieth birthday. Machel, 52 years old, was the widow of a former president of Mozambique. Nelson Mandela did not seek re-election in 1999. He was replaced by his Deputy President, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela retired to his mothers village of Qunu, Transkei. Mandela became involved in raising funds for HIV/AIDS, an epidemic in Africa. He organized the AIDS benefit 46664 Concert in 2003, so named after his prison ID number. In 2005, Mandelas own son, Makgatho, died of AIDS at the age of 44. In 2009, the United Nations General Assembly designated July 18, Mandelas birthday, as Nelson Mandela International Day. Nelson Mandela died at his Johannesburg home on December 5, 2013 at the age of 95.

How to Say No in German, With Explanations and Examples

How to Say No in German, With Explanations and Examples Even people who dont study German know that Nein means no in German. But of course thats only the beginning to German negation. The German adverb nicht and adjective kein can be used to negate a sentence as well. Nicht is the English equivalent of not. Kein, on the other hand, can have different nuances depending on the sentence: no, not any, not a, none, no one, nobody. The rules for applying kein and nicht are actually quite simple. (really!) They are as follows: WhenNichtIs Used in a Sentence The noun to be negated has a definite article. Er liest das Buch. Er liest das Buch nicht. (He is not reading the book.) The noun to be negated has a possessive pronoun. Er liebt seine Freundin. Er liebt seine Freundin nicht. (He does not love his girlfriend.) The verb is to be negated. Ich will schlafen. Ich will nicht schlafen. (I dont want to sleep.) An adverb/adverbial phrase is to be negated. Sie rennt schnell. Sie rennt nicht schnell. (She does not run fast.) An adjective is used with the verb sein. Das Kind ist geizig. Das Kind ist nicht geizig. (The child is greedy.) WhenKeinIs Used in a Sentence The noun to be negated has an indefinite article. Ich will einen Apfel essen. Ich will keinen Apfel essen. (I dont want to eat an apple.) The word kein is in fact k ein and is positioned where the indefinite article would be. The noun has no article. Ich habe Zeit dafà ¼r. Ich habe keine Zeit dafà ¼r. (I dont have time for that.) Please note that though ein has no plural, kein does and follows the standard case declension pattern. The Position of Nicht The position of nicht is not always so clear-cut. However, generally speaking, nicht will precede adjectives, adverbs and either precede or follow verbs depending on its type. Nicht and Sondern, Keinand Sondern When nicht and kein negate only a clause, then usually the second clause that follows will begin with the conjunction sondern. Ich will nicht dieses Buch, sondern das andere.To put particular emphasis on nicht, positioning it at the beginning of the sentence is acceptable: Nicht Karl meinte ich, sondern Karin.

Minerals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Minerals - Essay Example Crespo et al., (2004) reported that disseminated graphite only occurred in metamorphic rocks of the La Umbria series and Fuente del Oro in the â€Å"Aracena Metamorphic Belt†. The deposits of graphite are weathered at 50 to 65 feet in depth. Coherence between graphite and other minerals is lessened due to weathering. Subsurface mining needs the cutting of multiple shafts to access the graphite deposits. Sometimes, tunneling equipments are used to remove the rock. Both, crystalline, and flake Graphite are graded as per carbon contents, and size of particles. Graphite with a high purity is only achieved through heating in the electric furnaces. Ash chemistry and likely applications are applied to grade the Flake carbon (80-99%), crystalline graphite (90-99%) and amorphous carbon (70-85%). Graphite’s purity is determined on the basis of Carbon contents and size of particles while amorphous Graphite is classified only on the basis of the carbon contents. Both, synthetic and natural graphite are heated up to 2500 °C that produces the graphite of a high purity 99.9%. Silicon and Boron are used as promoter elements for the graphite structure. Introduction of these elements enhances the consistency, conductivity and lubricant properties of the graphite (Crossely, 2000). Usually two techniques named as open pit mining and underground mining are used for graphite mining. Open pit mining is the method for the extraction of rocks from the open pits. This technique is useful when graphite ore lies close to the surface of the earth. On the other hand, underground mining involves the mining of graphite placed at the depth under the surface of the earth. Drift mining, slope mining, shaft mining and hard rock mining are the important methods for the underground mining (Crusher in China, 2012). Mining process of Graphite requires the power operations at the mining locations. The construction, decommissioning and operations

Talent Dry Cleaners Service Operational Challenges Case Study

Talent Dry Cleaners Service Operational Challenges - Case Study Example The business`s capacity utilization is 85.94% with an average turnaround time of 3-4 hours and it is a profitable as per the returns. The study will examine the challenges this business is currently experiencing and the possible solutions that have been drafted to counter such challenges. The understanding of such challenges will lead to appropriate recommendations that would help the company achieve the desired growth, goals, and objectives. Background This case study evaluates and analysis many perceptions in the service operation administration. It shows the business satiation of Patrick Eze who is trying so much to expand his business but he hardly got capital for the expansion and building of an institution to train dry cleaners. Problem Statement During the operation of the business, it took longer to register one client’s clothes. The company did not have a system of doing the registration hence wasting a lot of time in the registration of customers. Talent dry cleaners do not have strict payment tracks methods. The client is the one to decide when to pay either when dropping off or when picking the clothes. This can lead to wastage of resources because other clients can avoid paying their fees if strict laws of payment are not in place. The business has only two collection points. Moreover, it is not well marketed and the owner feels that there are needs to advertise his dry cleaner (Yelowitz, 2011). The dry cleaner has one dry-cleaning machine that takes five kilograms of garments and takes twelve minutes to wash. This is a long time and lead to time wastage. Therefore, the owner should buy a machine with a bigger capacity. The company is usually overwhelmed during peak season when there are many customers. Analysis The most essential solution towards the growth and development of this business is that the owner needs to notice that in small businesses, there need ensure that the level of hard work matches the complexity needed for the intended growth (Takaki, 2008). The owner did not consider this before the establishment of his business. Eze`s previous business had a well experienced manager who made the vital business decision that were essential for the success of his business. Eze has no experience in planning and handling business venture because prior to him starting the business, he did not take his time to study operational challenges he was likely to experience in running the business. Analysing from his background, Eze worked for fifteen years in his the previous employment; however, this did not equip him with strong management and leadership skills for successfully running a personal business. Notably, he only has basic skills for operating business since he no experience in marke ting that could have led to the growth of his small business. Additionally, he had no experience in planning large business ventures; thus, whenever he had a large number of customers, his problems increased (Takaki, 2008). Lack of experience and information are major problems in any business venture. Furthermore, poor planning usually leads to waste of time and this is experienced in the