Similarities Between The Millers Tale And The Wife Of Bath

How are women perceived in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales? The Miller’s Tale and The Wife of Bath’s Tale both portray women as having a great deal of sexual desire, which was considered taboo for its time. Alisoun, a character in The Miller’s Tale, and The Wife of Bath are portrayed as being promiscuous, however both of these women find empowerment in demonstrating their sexual agency, which was certainly a taboo perspective for the time in which The Canterbury Tales were written. While the male characters may view these women through a purely sexual lens, Alisoun and The Wife of Bath made the decision to be viewed in this way, and even seem to enjoy being viewed in this way. Moreover, the character of the hag (who later transforms†¦show more content†¦The Miller gives a detailed description of what Alisoun usually wears, with an emphasis on the color and design of her undergarments. Her outerwear is described as well, but it is important to note the sexual implications of her undergarments being considered as a focal point in her appearance. She is later described as having a â€Å"likerous† (3244), or flirtatious eye. These descriptions certainly do give Alisoun status as a sexual object, however they are not the only qualities that define who Alisoun is as a character. Alisoun’s character can actually be ascertained from The Miller’s descriptions of her husband, John: â€Å"he knew nat Catoun, for his wit was rude,/That bad man sholde wedde his simylitude./Men sholde weddent after hire estaat,/For youthe and elde is often at debaat† (3228-3230). John is described as being uneducated and having little intelligence. The Miller says that John should have married someone similar to him, and then notes how couples that differ greatly in age, like Alisoun and John, often have disputes. While the Miller’s comment about how John should have â€Å"wedde is simylitude† may seem l ike it is just a commentary on Alisoun and John’s difference in age, it also speaks to the differences in intelligence that the two have. In fact, Alisoun chooses to have sex with Nicholas because she is attracted to his intelligence, in addition to his physical appearance: â€Å"As clerkes been ful subtileShow MoreRelated Comparing The Millers Tale and The Reves Tale Essays1188 Words   |  5 PagesSimilarities in The Millers Tale and The Reves Tale       The Millers Tale and The Reves Tale from The Canterbury Tales are very closely related. They both deal with the relationship between a jealous man, his wife, and a young scholar(s), and they both are immoral stories that contain sex and violence. This proves that the Miller and the Reeve are two very corrupt individuals. However, these tales also share some differences. For instance, the main character inRead MoreThe Ideas Of Reality And Ideal Life Of Women And Marriage1542 Words   |  7 Pagesthe contradictory ideas of reality and ideal life of women and marriage. Chaucer explicitly refutes the misogynistic ideals when the Wife of Bath argues her point using scripture, behaviors of women from his other tales in similarity to the Wife of Bath and detailed events throughout the prologue of the Wife’s roles in her marriages. To begin with, the Wife of Bath argues and opposes the traditional rules of women by quoting scripture. First she quotes two men in the bible, Abraham and Jacob whoRead MoreChaucer, Shakespeare, and Eunuchs4253 Words   |  18 Pagesliterature that has lasted for centuries by no coincidental matter. Many similarities link the two men together, but I believe that the most prominent characteristic that the men share is their innovativeness. More specifically their innovative construction of gender confused characters. Dinshaw’s examination of the eunuch Pardoner in her essay â€Å"Eunuch Hermeneutics† distinguishes The Pardoner to be a partial character because of his in-between state. Chaucer and Shakespeare’s construction of partial charactersRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslived, how they ear ned their livings, and their unprecedented ability to move about the globe. Moya and McKeown set the patterns of migration in the twentieth century against those extending back millennia, and they compare in imaginative ways the similarities and differences among diverse flows in different geographical areas and across ethnic communities and social strata. They consider not only the nature, volume, and direction of migrant movements motivated primarily by opportunities for economic

Essay on Decision Making Strategies - 499 Words

Strategic thinking is an essential leadership skill. Our learning team has learned to consider our current decision-making strategies, and examine our options for choosing the best strategy for any situation be it one-sided, compromise, collaboration and deciding-by-majority rule. As a learning team we will identify any problem someone on the team may have such as being shy, not very talkative and hesitate about having to stand in front of the class while presenting our presentation. Being part of a well functioning learning team identifying the problem(s) and wanting to do something about it is the first step. Analyze all parts of the situation to figure out what is stopping a team member(s) from getting what the team need to solve the†¦show more content†¦This step helps you to think about the risks involved with making a decision. No matter what you try, there is going to be some uncertainty involved. Choose the solution that the entire learning team likes the most and try it. Review the results. Think about what happens. Brainstorming usually works best with a group. The purpose of brainstorming is to let everyone voice their opinions and say what is on their mind to better identify possible solutions to a problem. When working in learning team especially a team where everyone may or may not be working together for the first time. It is important not to make any judgments about an idea. You want to encourage everyone to get involved no matter how far out his or her idea seems. No put-downs. Let every team member participate. It is important not to belittle any ideas that may be presented. Someone should write down all the ideas. Dont leave any ideas out, no matter how crazy they seem. Keep your mind open to all ideas, both your own and others. When the team has tried all ideas, crazy, outlandish, and otherwise, we make a rough draft and finally evaluate what ideas are real possibilities and what ones should be dismissed. As we narrow down the ideas, we will consider how an idea might be seen and understood in another way that might be useful. Eventually, we want to end up with a great number of solutions, something like 3 to 5 of them. It might be the case that we can even mix andShow MoreRelatedEmployee Strengths And Decision Making Strategies1000 Words   |  4 PagesStrengths in Decision Making Strategies Different individuals in a work environment possess various unique strengths which can be applied in making effective work related decisions. Participating in the Strengths Finder Test would therefore help employees to identify what they are good at and how they can use it for the benefit of the company. This paper will focus on developing a training tool that can be used by the management to coach the employees on how to use their unique strengths in making decisionsRead More Decision-Making and Strategy Development Essay2210 Words   |  9 Pages I. 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This is made possible by the so-called core competencies, which in recent years have been the object of much debate aimed at renovatingRead Moreâ€Å"Knowledge of the Process That Organisational Buyers Follow in Making Purchasing Decisions Is Fundamental to Responsive Business Marketing Strategy.†1702 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Knowledge of the process that organisational buyers follow in making purchasing decisions is fundamental to responsive business marketing strategy.† INTRODUCTION In today’s globalised and forever changing world of business, different organisations around the world are finding it very difficult not only to compete but also to be managed efficiently and effectively by management. 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The Psychological and Social Effects of Sexual Abuse Free Essays

string(137) " may not be Collie’s real father, but he is still her stepfather, but she only sees him as a remorseless, dominant child molester\." In today’s society, while parents are supposed to nurture their children, some are either the ones who cause them the most pain or are oblivious to the fact that their child is depressed or abused. The effect that sexual abuse has on a young child is inexpressible and can affect the way an individual functions. In society, many people underestimate the impact of sexual abuse, especially on young teenage girls, but in the two novels that I studied, the impact that sexual abuse has on a child’s life is clearly severe and apparent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychological and Social Effects of Sexual Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now Father absences often cause many problems in the legislations a child has with either their significant other or other family members. In an article written by Ellis (2003), father absences are what cause females to become sexually active or pregnant. However, in the novels, Push and The Color Purple, the fathers are the ones who are sexually active with their daughters. These two disturbing, yet powerful novels are based on the perspective of two poor, African- American girls, named Precious and Cell. Their entire lives revolve around emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. In these two novels, the sexual abuse Is caused by their father’s dominant personalities, their psychological problems, and their own hatred towards men, while the deterioration of family relationships, low self-esteem, and gravitation towards females are all effects of sexual abuse. Psychological and social problems are often regarded as the most significant effects of sexual abuse against young teenage girls. Women have always been oppressed by men and have been subjected to so much negativity as a result of male dominance. In Precious’ case, Precious’ dominant father compels her to have sex with him in order to satisfy his own sexual needs. The most prominent cause of sexual abuse In this Instance Is mainly his lack of appreciation towards his daughter and his oppressive behavior. Throughout the novel, his failed relationships with Precious and Mary provoke his aggression towards Precious. Mary and Allophones relationship lacks stability and has a negative impact on the relationship Precious has with both her father and mother. Precious’ parents were never married to begin with, but after a period of time, Precious’ father decides to abandon his family. According to two authors at Princeton university, Beck and McClellan (2010), there are different causes of low relationship quality and stability, and this is simply one of them. Impaired family relationships are the most essential factors of sexual abuse in both novels. Carol’s dominant personality is the main causation of all the problems he encounters with Mary, thus provoking him to leave her permanently. His dominant traits are shown when Mary feels obligated to him and complies with him Into raping their own daughter. Despite the fact that Precious Is his daughter, Carl disregards the Immorality of his actions. The torment that he puts Precious through Is unbelievable and the sexual abuse continues for many years. In this case, Carol’s dominance and control over the two females Is widely Incorporated In the novel. The time before she becomes impregnated by him, not once, but twice. The two babies she gives birth to symbolize the struggles that she has had to overcome and the struggles that she will face in the future. Despite the fact that she was only 12 years old at the time her first baby was born, she becomes impregnated for the second time, four years later, at the age of 16. The abuse that she becomes subjected to causes her a great deal of pain and suffering, and it also causes a great deal of tension between Precious and her mother, Mary. Since Mary despises the idea of Precious achieving anything good in her life, she insists on Precious quitting school. Her overbearing and aggressive personality causes Precious to quit the one thing she feels so deeply for, which is her education. Precious’ entire life is a very abusive and ongoing cycle, and for the most part, it is a result of the sexual abuse and the abandonment of her father after the birth of their two children. Since Precious has the responsibility to take care of two children, Mary, being the ruthless person that she is, uses this as an opportunity to help her through her own financial difficulties. However, when Precious entertains the idea of attending an alternative school and moving out with her two children, Mary clearly discourages this idea since she relies on the welfare to escape her financial struggles. A countless number of problems arise through these discussions and that soon causes Mary to reach her ultimate breaking point with Precious. All these problems that they encounter are problems which surfaced after Carol’s absence. Their poor family relationship is one of the main effects of Carol’s abuse towards Precious, and it is quite evident that his dominating personality is what caused the abuse. The problems illustrated by Sapphire are what ultimately causes the deterioration of their family relationship and forces Precious to lose the last bit of hope that she has for her family. The main character of The Color Purple, Cell, is taken advantage of by her dominant and aggressive father, Alphorns, who uses her vulnerability to sexually abuse her. In the novel The Color Purple, Collie’s parents have a very dysfunctional relationship, especially because Collie’s mother is ill and is incapable of pleasing her husband’s sexual desires. His controlling behavior raises a huge concern for the entire family, and their worst fears are brought to reality when he impregnates his daughter twice. Collie’s mother’s illness is a burden to Alphorns, and he uses it as an excuse to sexually abuse Cell. After being impregnated by Alphorns twice, she gives birth to two beautiful babies, but has them taken away from her by him. His oppressive behavior causes Celli to become fearful for both her and her sister, Nineties. Alphorns may not be Collie’s real father, but he is still her stepfather, but she only sees him as a remorseless, dominant child molester. You read "The Psychological and Social Effects of Sexual Abuse" in category "Papers" His dominance is shown by the way he speaks to his daughter, commanding her to have sex with him and do house work. The abuse is what causes Collie’s entire youth to be destroyed, and it only worsens as she is forced to marry a man who exemplifies everything her father stands for, which is controlling and abusive. After everything that has occurred with their family, Allophones relationship with his daughter reaches its ultimate breaking point once her mother sees, after which, he decides to enter into a new relationship with a girl who is Just around Collie’s age. After dealing with the sexual abuse for quite some time, Celli feels discomfort when she is near her father, and after the death of her mother, their and characters is evidently the fact that both girls are mistreated by their controlling fathers. In addition to the sexual abuse, both their fathers remain absent throughout their life, whether it is physically or emotionally, and their mothers are either dead or abusive. While both Celli and Precious’ superior fathers cause the sexual abuse, the effect that sexual abuse has on these two young girls is depicted as their family relationships begin to deteriorate. Due to the immense impact that sexual abuse has on these two young girls, their entire life becomes a painted picture of their destroyed family, and most importantly, the absence of their fathers. The psychological problems that one has to deal with can often control their life and become the reason why they act a certain way. This is evident in the case of Precious’ father, Carl. Carol’s problems with Mary, and his own insecurities, are what cause him o abuse his daughter, both verbally and sexually. A person does not abuse another individual for no significant reason, but there is always reasoning behind their actions. In the beginning of the novel, Sapphire illustrates Carl as a man who shows no remorse or compassion, someone who likes to take advantage of young girls. The abuse inflicted on a young child can often cause the deterioration of their character, most importantly, their self-esteem. Throughout the novel Push, there are many instances that depict the psychological issues that Precious is subjected to, mainly as result of the sexual abuse she endures from her father. Afterwards, Precious becomes very insecure and feels disgusted at the fact that she has tolerated the abuse for so long, regardless of the fact that she is only a child and is not capable of preventing it. According to Borer and Fine (1992), a child’s development can be severely affected by sexual abuse, as well as other forms of child maltreatment. Being sexually abused as a child can dictate how an individual functions in their everyday life, and that is evident in Precious’ case. Precious becomes so accustomed to the dead that she is nothing but a useless, obese, and illiterate girl, and that no man would ever want to be with her. She lets the abuse dictate how she feels about certain matters, especially regarding her appearance. Her most apparent weakness is her lack of self-esteem as she constantly refers to herself as a girl from a poor neighborhood, with parents who wish nothing but her ultimate worst. Although it is evident that she feels a sense of emptiness from the psychological and sexual abuse she was subjected to by her father, and the agony her mother puts her through, she goes not acknowledge the fact that that is the reason why she behaves the way she does. Her perspective on what a perfect family consists of becomes shattered, and she feels as if she will always be a victim of abuse. The abuse from both her parents causes her to become extremely vulnerable and weak, and she constantly disregards the fact that the relationship she has with her parents is the causation of all her problems, especially problems dealing with her lack of confidence. Stress, anxiety, depression, and grief, can often impact an individual’s behavior, and if one feels as f their sexual needs have not been satisfied, their desires will expand. â€Å"The sexual cycle begins with desire. Desire is in the mind† (â€Å"When Sexual Desire Disappears, 2014†). Constant fights over sexual needs can cause many problems, especially because of differences in sexual drive. In Collie’s case, this is very apparent. Collie’s father and mother have a very distant relationship and it only causes more burden behaves as if she is already dead, mainly since she is ill and cannot do many things to satisfy him. As a result of her illness, Alphorns expresses his anger by demanding Celli to satisfy the sexual needs that her mother failed to do, which ultimately means that she must replace her mother. His lack of security and love in his own relationship causes him to behave inappropriately towards Cell. As a result of all these problems that he has to deal with, he feels a lack of stability in his relationship and suffers from his own issues within himself. However, since Celli is forced to deal with the behavior of her father, her lack of self-esteem is displayed more and more, especially since she is the only child that has to tolerate the abuse. Collie’s self- esteem becomes the root of many of her problems as she often discusses her lack of appearance, knowledge, and talent, especially when compared to her sister, Nineties. While Nineties exemplifies everything a woman would want to be and everything a man would want in a woman, Celli portrays herself as the ugly sister that no one would want, which is the ultimate reason why she feels a certain way towards her sister. Evidently, since she is the only one child that has to endure her father’s brutality, she becomes more and more vulnerable throughout the entire novel, which causes her to ender what exactly attracts her to this all this negativity in her life. It is only appropriate for her to question what she is doing so wrongly that she is the only person being forced to experience this, and that becomes the reason why she has an ongoing battle with her sister. Her constant comparison with her sister affects the way she looks at herself, mainly since she knows that Nineties is someone who is incomparable. Despite Collie’s constant effort in establishing a relationship with her father, she becomes distraught over the fact that her father displays so much love ND appreciation towards Nineties, regardless of the fact that Celli is the only person who complies with his orders. Allophones psychological issues regarding his relationship with Collie’s mom and his failed relationships become the causation of his attitude towards Cell. Meanwhile, the abuse Celli experiences only causes her to have less and less confidence in herself. Being impregnated twice, by your own father, can severely affect your perspective on men. When an individual is subjected to such abuse, it can have an immense impact on their perspective of men or women, and the way they look at life in general. Many children who suffer from sexual abuse find it extremely difficult to depart from their past struggles, and hold a grudge against those who cause them so much pain. Women with a history of sexual, emotional, or physical abuse may regard men as â€Å"keyholes†, â€Å"inconsiderate†, and â€Å"unloving†, and as they reach an older age they often remember all the events that occurred when they were younger. In both novels, it is evident that both Precious and Celli share the same hatred and fear towards men, and a special bond with other females. Their fear causes them to become abused by their fathers as it is seen as a sign of weakness. After being subjected to so many negative events, it causes them to feel some sort of resentment towards their fathers and any other male character that shares the slightest similarity with their fathers, thus making them gravitate towards females. As Precious’ parents are unable to support Precious’ desires to gain her GEED, Precious’ teacher at her alternative school provides her with the support and love that her parents have failed to do. Ms. Blue, Precious’ teacher, shares a mother- receives help from her in ways that she could never have imagined. While Precious appears to lack relationships with men, the bond she shares with Ms. Blue is the polar opposite of the bond she shares with any other individual, especially those who are men. Sapphire emphasizes the importance that female characters have on Precious, mainly the importance of Ms. Blue and Precious’ female friends from her class. In an article written by Abash (201 1), he discusses the disproportion of teenage pregnancies, especially among minority youth. He makes it clear that teenage pregnancies deeply affect one’s academic accomplishments and that applies in Precious’ case. This particular article is relevant to Precious’ circumstance as her most important goal is to successfully complete school, and while all her problems are caused by her father, her achievements are a result of the help she has from her female friends and Ms. Blue. As it is extremely difficult for girls in Precious’ neighborhood to get an education, Precious feels even more appreciative towards Ms. Blue. Ms. Blue helps Precious become aware of the effort it takes to attend school and obey the teacher’s rules, and in this form she learns how to act like a civilized person. In addition to that, Ms. Rain helps Precious by allowing her to stay over at her house as Precious states â€Å"l can tell by Ms Rain’s face I’m not goanna be homeless no more† (Sapphire, 1996, p. 79). While Sapphire makes it evident that Precious feels discomfort whenever she is near men, she also states that Precious feels a sense of belonging when she is surrounded by other women, with the exception of her mother. In the novel The Color Purple, Collie’s fear and hatred towards men is very noticeable. Her father’s abuse towards her scars her for life and deeply affects the way she views men. However, she fears him because she knows what he is capable f, and she feels as if she has to show a sense of strength for her sister. Even after tolerating the abuse for so long, she is forced to marry a man named Albert. Albert shares many similarities with her father as they are abusive, dominant, and unloving. With that said, after being in an abusive relationship with Albert, Collie’s slightest bit of hope for a loving marriage and family is thrown away. With all these men taking advantage of her, she puts this abuse to an end by isolating herself from the men that cause her so much pain, and she does this with the help of her female friend, Chug Avery. With the help of Chug, Celli is able to leave her husband behind and sever ties with her husband and her father. Her emotional and physical relationship with Chug is one that she believes she could never share with any man. Us sleep like sisters, me and Chug†, Celli states (Walker, 1982, p. 146). In this particular instance, Celli expresses her feelings to Chug, feelings regarding Albertan appalling behavior. As the novel progresses it is evident that their bond becomes stronger and stronger, but once another man interferes with their relationship, Celli begins to despise the man, claiming that he is an opportunist. Chug remai ns married to Mr†¦ Grady in spite of Collie’s concerns, which only cause Celli to become more Jealous. Her issues with men are made more and more apparent throughout the novel, and that is the most important reason as to why she feels such a special bond with other females, such as Nineties, Chug Avery, and Sofia. Sofia is Collie’s stepson’s wife, and unlike Cell, Sofia is brave and able to stand up to her husband. The relationship that she has with Sofia is what empowers her, and her bond with these three girls is what confirms her actions of a man, whether it is her father of her husband, and with so much activity in her life, these three women become the only people to truly help her. In both Push and The Color Purple, there are countless similarities shared between not only Precious and Cell, but between the two fathers, Carl and Alphorns, as well as the two most important women in Precious and Collie’s lives, Ms. Blue and Chug Avery. In both novels, these two African-American teenage girls are forced to do things that most teenage girls could never imagine doing. Their controlling fathers compel them to have sex with them and impregnate them not once, but twice. Sexual abuse and father absences are the most recognizable themes in both novels, Push and The Color Purple. In these two novels the main female characters are forced to deal with the sexual abuse and torment inflicted on them by their dominant fathers. Dominating personalities, psychological problems, and hatred towards men are all causes of sexual abuse, while the deterioration of family relationships, low self- esteem, and gravitation towards females are all effects of sexual abuse. All three forms of abuse, sexual, physical, and mental abuse are applicable to the two irritations in both novels, and these forms of abuse evidently deprive them of their freedom. As a result of the sexual abuse they endured from their father, they become impregnated twice, and evidently, the abuse causes them to have an incredibly difficult time appreciating themselves, let alone anyone else. It soon causes more trouble for them as they lose their trust in men and only surround themselves with women. Psychological and social problems are widely regarded as the most prominent effects of sexual abuse against young teenage girls in battered families. How to cite The Psychological and Social Effects of Sexual Abuse, Papers

Security 2 Essay Example For Students

Security 2 Essay Computer Security About two hundred years before, the word computer startedto appear in the dictionary. Some people even didnt know what is a computer. However, most of the people today not just knowing what is a computer, but understand how to use a computer. Therefore, computer become more and more popular and important to our society. We can use computer everywhere and they are very useful and helpful to our life. The speed and accuracy of computer made people felt confident and reliable. Therefore, many important information or data are saved in the computer. Such as your diary, the financial situation of a oil company or some secret intelligence of the military department. A lot of important information can be found in the memory of computer. So, people may ask a question: Can we make sure that the information in the computer is safe and nobody can steal it from the memory of the computer? Physical hazard is one of the causes of destroying the data in the computer. For example , send a flood of coffee toward a personal computer. The hard disk of the computer could be endangered by the flood of coffee. Besides, human caretaker of computer system can cause as much as harm as any physical hazard. For example, a cashier in a bank can transfer some money from one of his customers account to his own account. Nonetheless, the most dangerous thief are not those who work with computer every day, but youthful amateurs who experiment at night the hackers. The term hacker may have originated at M.I.T. as students jargon for classmates who labored nights in the computer lab. In the beginning, hackers are not so dangerous at all. They just stole computer time from the university. However, in the early 1980s, hackers became a group of criminals who steal information from other peoples computer. For preventing the hackers and other criminals, people need to set up a good security system to protect the data in the computer. The most important thing is that we cannot al low those hackers and criminals entering our computers. It means that we need to design a lock to lock up all our data or using identification to verify the identity of someone seeking access to our computers. The most common method to lock up the data is using a password system. Passwords are a multi-user computer systems usual first line of defense against hackers. We can use a combination of alphabetic and number characters to form our own password. The longer the password, the more possibilities a hackers password-guessing program must work through. However it is difficult to remember a very long passwords. So people will try to write the password down and it may immediately make it a security risk. Furthermore, a high speed password-guessing program can find out a password easily. Therefore, it is not enough for a computer that just have a password system to protect its data and memory. Besides password system, a computer company may consider about the security of its informa tion centre. In the past, people used locks and keys to limit access to secure areas. However, keys can be stolen or copied easily. Therefore, card-key are designed to prevent the situation above. Three types of card-keys are commonly used by banks, computer centers and government departments. Each of this card-keys can employ an identifying number or password that is encoded in the card itself, and all are produced by techniques beyond the reach of the average computer criminals. One of the three card-key is called watermark magnetic. It was inspired by the watermarks on paper currency. The cards magnetic strip have a 12-digit number code and it cannot be copied. It can store about two thousand bits in the magnetic strip. The other two cards have the capability of storing thousands of times of data in the magnetic strip. They are optical memory cards (OMCs) and Smart cards. Both of them are always used in the security system of computers. However, it is not enough for just using p assword system and card-keys to protect the memory in the computer. A computer system also need to have a restricting program to verify the identity of the users. Generally, identity can be established by something a person knows, such as a password or something a person has, such as a card-key. However, people are often forget their passwords or lose their keys. A third method must be used. It is using something a person has physical trait of a human being. We can use a new technology called biometric device to identify the person who wants to use your computer. Biometric devices are instrument that perform mathematical analyses of biological characteristics. For example, voices, fingerprint and geometry of the hand can be used for identification. Nowadays, many computer centers, bank vaults, military installations and other sensitive areas have considered to use biometric security system. It is because the rate of mistaken acceptance of outsiders and the rejection of authorized insiders is extremely low. Individuality of vocal signature is one kind of biometric security system. The main point of this system is voice verification. The voice verifier described here is a developmental system at American Telephone and Telegraph. Only one thing that people need to do is repeating a particular phrase several times. The computer would sample, digitize and store what you said. After that, it will built up a voice signature and make allowances for an individuals characteristic variations. The theory of voice verification is very simple. It is using the characteristics of a voice: its acoustic strength. To isolate personal characteristics within these fluctuations, the computer breaks the sound into its component frequencies and analyzes how they are distributed. If someone wants to steal some information from your computer, the person needs to have a same voice as you and it is impossible. Besides using voices for identification, we can use fingerprint to verify a persons identity because no two fingerprints are exactly alike. In a fingerprint verification system, the user places one finger on a glass plate; light flashes inside the machine, reflects off the fingerprint and is picked up by an optical scanner. The scanner transmits the information to the computer for analysis. After that, security experts can verify the identity of that person by those information. Finally, the last biometric security system is the geometry of the hand. In that system, the computer system uses a sophisticated scanning device to record the measurements of each persons hand. With an overhead light shining down on the hand, a sensor underneath the plate scans the fingers through the glass slots, recording light intensity from the fingertips to the webbing where the fingers join the palm. After passing the investigation of the computer, people can use the computer or retrieve data from the computer. Although a lot of security system have invented in our world, they are useless if people always think that stealing information is not a serious crime. Therefore, people need to pay more attention on computer crime and fight against those hackers, instead of using a lot of computer security systems to protect the computer. Why do we need to protect our computers ? It is a question which people always ask in 18th century. However, every person knows the importance and useful of a computer security system. In 19th century, computer become more and more important and helpful. You can input a large amount of information or data in a small memory chip of a personal computer. The hard disk of a computer system is liked a bank. It contained a lot of costly material. Such as your diary, the financial situation of a trading company or some secret military information. Therefore, it just like hire some security guards to protect the bank. A computer security system can use to prevent the outflow of the information in the national defense industry or t he personal diary in your computer. Nevertheless, there is the price that one might expect to pay for the tool of security: equipment ranging from locks on doors to computerized gate-keepers that stand watch against hackers, special software that prevents employees to steal the data from the companys computer. The bill can range from hundreds of dollars to many millions, depending on the degree of assurance sought. Although it needs to spend a lot of money to create a computer security system, it worth to make it. It is because the data in a computer can be easily erased or destroyed by a lot of kind of hazards. For example, a power supply problem or a fire accident can destroy all the data in a computer company. In 1987, a computer centre inside the Pentagon, the US militarys sprawling head quarters near Washington, DC., a 300-Watt light bulb once was left burning inside a vault where computer tapes were stored. After a time, the bulb had generated so much heat that the ceiling b egan to smelt. When the door was opened, air rushing into the room brought the fire to life. Before the flames could be extinguished, they had spread consume three computer systems worth a total of $6.3 million. Besides those accidental hazards, human is a great cause of the outflows of data from the computer. There have two kind of people can go in the security system and steal the data from it. One is those trusted employee who is designed to let in the computer system, such as programmers, operators or managers. Another kind is those youth amateurs who experiment at night -the hackers. Lets talk about those trusted workers. They are the groups who can easily become a criminal directly or indirectly. They may steal the information in the system and sell it to someone else for a great profit. In another hand, they may be bribed by someone who want to steal the data. It is because it may cost a criminal far less in time and money to bride a disloyal employee to crack the security system. Beside those disloyal workers, hacker is also very dangerous. The term hacker is originated at M.I.T. as students jargon for classmates who doing computer lab in the night. In the beginning, hackers are not so dangerous at all. They just stole some hints for the test in the university. However, in early 1980s, hacker became a group of criminal who steal information from other commercial companies or government departments. What can we use to protect the computer ? We have talked about the reasons of the use of computer security system. But what kind of tools can we use to protect the computer. The most common one is a password system. Password are a multi-user computer systems which usual used for the first line of defense against intrusion. A password may be any combination of alphabetic and numeric characters, to maximum lengths set by the e particular system. Most system can accommodate passwords up to 40 characters. However, a long passwords can be easily forget. So, pe ople may write it down and it immediately make a security risk. Some people may use their first name or a significant word. With a dictionary of 2000 common names, for instance, a experienced hacker can crack it within ten minutes. Besides the password system, card-keys are also commonly used. Each kind of card-keys can employ an identifying number or password that is encoded in the card itself, and all are produced by techniques beyond the reach of the average computer criminal. Three types of card usually used. They are magnetic watermark, Optical memory card and Smart card. However, both of the tools can be easily knew or stole by other people. Password are often forgotten by the users and card-key can be copied or stolen. Therefore, we need to have a higher level of computer security system. Biometric device is the one which have a safer protection for the computer. It can reduce the probability of the mistaken acceptance of outsider to extremely low. Biometric devices are ins trument that perform mathematical analyses of biological characteristics. However, the time required to pass the system should not be too long. Also, it should not give inconvenience to the user. For example, the system require people to remove their shoes and socks for footprint verification. Gerald Ford (1116 words) Essay Individuality of vocal signature is one kind of biometry security system. They are still in the experimental stage, reliable computer systems for voice verification would be useful for both on-site and remote user identification. The voice verifier described here is invented by the developmental system at American Telephone and Telegraph. Enrollment would require the user to repeat a particular phrase several times. The computer would sample, digitize and store each reading of the phrase and then, from the data, build a voice signature that would make allowances for an individuals characteristic variations. Another biometric device is a device which can measuring the act of writing. The device included a biometric pen and a sensor pad. The pen can converts a signature into a set of three electrical signals by one pressure sensor and two acceleration sensors. The pressure sensor can change in the writers downward pressure on the pen point. The two acceleration sensor can measure the vertical and horizontal movement. The third device which we want to talk about is a device which can scan the pattern in the eyes. This device is using an infrared beam which can scan the retina in a circular path. The detector in the eyepiece of the device can measure the intensity of the light as it is reflected from different points. Because blood vessels do not absorb and reflect the same quantities of infrared as the surrounding tissue, the eyepiece sensor records the vessels as an intricate dark pattern against a lighter background. The device samples light intensity at 320 points around the path of the scan , producing a digital profile of the vessel pattern. The enrollment can take as little as 30 seconds and verification can be even faster. Therefore, user can pass the system quickly and the system can reject those hackers accurately. The last device that we want to discuss is a device which can map the intricacies of a fingerprint. In the verification system, the user places one finger on a glass plate; l ight flashes inside the machine ,reflect off the fingerprint and is picked up by an optical scanner. The scanner transmits the information to the computer for analysis. Although scientist have invented many kind of computer security systems, no combination of technologies promises unbreakable security. Experts in the field agree that someone with sufficient resources can crack almost any computer defense. Therefore, the most important thing is the conduct of the people. If everyone in this world have a good conduct and behavior, there is no need to use any complicated security system to protect the.

Being human research paper free essay sample

My topic is how being human changed the bad boy image of Salman Khan . I would like to thank my guide Miss Tanya Sarkar for her unending support and guidance that made it possible for me to start working on a research project as this and be able to complete it. Here I would like to thank my friends helping me throughout. I would also like to thank all the references that I used because without them I wouldn’t have been able to go through this. Regards Disha Chopra being human and Salman Khan Review of Literature Salman Khan officially launches Being Human store in IndiaEight more outlets to be added in India by March end Gaurav Laghate | Mumbai January 17, 2013 Salman Khan is one of the most noted philanthropists in Bollywood and he often lends his star power to a number of charitable causes. Salman Khan started a non-profit organization called ‘Being Human: The Salman Khan Foundation in July 2007. We will write a custom essay sample on Being human research paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The charitable trust sells lifestyle products like watches and t-shirts online and in stores with a portion of the sales proceeds funding the foundation. The charity focuses on two main causes- healthcare and education for the underprivileged. The foundation also undertakes initiatives like Being Human Gitanjali Gold Coins and Being Human Art which also supplement the funding for the charity. Being Human is Salman Khans brainchild. The actor, known to many, as having a heart of gold has been using his charitable organization to help the needy. And now he will be taking the step to expand his brand to a bigger business proposal. Salman explains to Businessofcinema. com, Being Human raises funds via the sale of its T-shirts, which are exclusively designed. After T-shirts, Being Human will now be expanding its product offerings by making watches. Watches are a great accessory and both genders love flaunting their watches. It has become a style statement. So keeping that in mind, my foundation will be making watches, which can be sold to make some money. A bare-all interview with Salman in which he reveals that he’s a painter, writer, telly host, eligible bachelor and gym icon all rolled into one and yet he claims that being Salman is quite easy! Moody, temperamental and ‘misunderstood’ that’s how we have been describing this Khan over the last 18 years. We have had our share of spats with him but now all that seems to be a part of the forgotten past as now he is doing a lot of good things that we could never imagined a guy like him can do a lot of creative things. Once he was interviewed on the sets of VEER a period drama that was based on a story written by him. There , he had to go through the questionnaires related to his lifestyle and his professional life like , Trade insiders have it that Salman never signs any agreement, he just gives his zubaan. Is that true? Yes, I believe in trust. I do my work and get my price for it. I only work with people I am comfortable with. Good time to beef up brand Salman? Being human is brand Salman. I cannot keep the money in my hands, I leave it with my father, mother, Sohail or Arbaaz. I have always supported charities in my own way. If I can raise funds through an hour’s work, cutting ribbons I would rather do that than have charities where people would feel obliged to donate money. Have you started understanding people better after this close brush with them? Oh I know people much more than anybody else because I lead a normal life. Inspite of all the luxuries available to me I sit out , I cycle, go to public places like Barista and still visit all those places where I went as a kid. Do you think that people understand you better after 10 Ka Dum? People never believed in what was being written about me, that’s the reason I am sitting here. They always knew me. If they hadn’t I would have been out of the industry What’s the one thing you will change if you were made God for a day? Iwould increase everybody’s salaries so that there will be no corruption. People will not stoop down to such low levels as they do now. If their basic amenities and requirements are taken care of and they are happy there will be less reason for corruption. For those who are pathologically corrupt , no money is enough, but by-and-large this would be my solution. Are you God-fearing? No! Why God-fearing? I am God-loving! Only those people fear God who do something wrong and then feel He is the guarantor of sorts. Come on, describe yourself. I don’t know how to do that! I may react to a situation in a different manner today and then entirely differently tomorrow to it because I go by my feel and I go by my impulse. I am right at times and sometimes I may go wrong. Then phone uthaao, sorry bolo yeh galat ho gaye boss! ’ Is it difficult being Salman? No, it is very easy being Salman you just have to be honest that’s all it takes to be Salman. I believe that you are born empty-handed and you will die empty-handed. There is a hand of God in everything. Finally Salman, is peace-making on your agenda now? Especially with SRK with whom you had the much-publicised fracas recently. I am at peace with myself. I wake up, work-out, go for shoots, laugh a lot and sleep in peace. This interview describes us how salman khan deals with his personal as well as his social life . He is an extremely private person , it is difficult for media to catch up with him. According to salman , he says there should to be a competition for doing charity. There are large of people who would be doing charity. According to him , eeryone should open a charitable trust and see where it reaches †¦ to what level. Salman, who has on various occasions lent his star power to charitable causes, said that many of the industry friends have come forward and supported his charitable trust Being Human Foundation. The trust do offer help to those who need money for education, cancer and ailments. He says that his trust does not take help from the industry people. Money that comes for the trust is coming from his clothing line ( the being human stores). People can however offer help by logging on to their website. The actor has stores of his clothing line in Belgium, France, Middle East and Spain. The response has been good to the stores and we are happy about it we are excited about opening the store here, Salman said. Talking about the USP of Being Human, he said, the quality is good its nice and different. One can make out .. differentiate between fake and real Being Human T-shirts. Salman, however said he would not be promoting the apparel brand in films because the characters that he plays wont look good in those T-shirts. The reason behind launching his NGO being human foundation. Many charity works that he got involved didnt left him with a very good feeling. It felt like he has been conned in the name of help. So, he decided to channelise it through Being Human. According to him , If money can save a life and improve quality of life, he is ready to help, but dont expect miracles. He certainly dont believe in mere bachche ki shaadi hain paise se madat karo. All marriages in his family have been done in a small way. His father Mr Salim got married in just Rs 80. Arbaazs marriage happened in their own building lawn. He himself admits that most of the money spent through Being Human are from his personal earnings. An average of Rs 6. 5 lakh is spent everyday by Being Human. He really want to make the trust self sufficient. The only request he has made to the people is to buy products sold at the being human shops, so that profits come to the trust. The star is quite happy with the response to Being Human clothes. Our clothing line is doing well. I dont let any of the clothes come into the market unless I wear it, and Im happy with it. We will soon be starting a restaurant. The funds from the live concerts that we will do during the promotion of our films will be directed to Being Human. As long as my stardom is there, I will take advantage of it to push my trust. And when stardom fades away, I will try something else says the pragmatic star. Salman runs a charitable organisation Being Human, with an aim to help the needy people in areas of education, healthcare and others. Now, he is planning to venture in new areas of business under the same name. We want people to come eat, drink and that is how they will in a way do charity. So when you are wearing something, eating or drinking something you are doing your bit of charity, it is all going to help people towards education and healthcare, the actor said, adding that he also intends to enter into healthcare segment by opening hospitals. We have plans of opening hospitals. We would be doing that after restaurants are out. We need to earn money to put in a hospital, we need some time, Salman said. The actor recently opened the first Being Human flagship store that has a clothing line and accessories. I think this is the worst ever business proposition that anyone can be in. I am happy that I have found like-minded people who are interested in not earning the profit but to be associated with the brand and keep little for themselves and do more charity. So this is all about Being Human, he said. Salman Khan also owns a production company called Salman Khan Being Human Productions (SKBH Productions). Profits generated from films produced under the banner are also forwarded to the Being Human Foundation. In January 2012, Salman’s foundation offered to pay $72,400 to secure the release of 400 prisoners from various prisons in the state of Uttar Pradesh. These prisoners had finished the term of their sentences but were being held in prison for non-payment of legal fines for their charges. Salman khan always had a flair of painting. Now, he is turning his craft into a full- fledged medium to raise money for his charity being human. Salman has plans for auctioning his paintings and a few oh his industry friends have joined hands to support him. The actor is in talks with many art galleries who are keen to hold exhibitions of his paintings. Salman will donate the entire money collected from these events to his being human foundation. Salman has always been just a call away from anyone who needs his help. He has helped pavement dwellers, participated in events organised by Cancer Patients Aid Association, funded terminally ill patients surgeries and helped authorities running remand homes. He says, â€Å"god gives you so much and you know eventually you need to start giving it back. Everyone does that, I am sure, in some way or the other. I have always supported charities in my own way. If I can raise funds through an hours work cutting ribbons, I would rather do that than have charities where people would fell obliged to donate money. † The Philanthropist Salman Khan officially launched the flagship ‘Being Human’ store in Mumbai. It had earlier soft-launched two exclusive brand outlets in Mumbai and one each in Ludhiana and Ahmedabad. The store is launched in partnership with Mandhana Industries, with whom Khan has signed an exclusive worldwide licensing arrangement for Being Human-The Salman Khan Foundation, to design, manufacture, retail and distribute ‘Being Human’ fashion apparel. The royalties received on the sale of this fashion line will go to support the education and healthcare initiatives of the Foundation. Khan said during a press meet that next, the foundation will launch a chain of restaurants where its profits will be used for charity. The Being Human stores were first launched in France and other European countries last year, and in the Middle East late last year. and Manish Mandhana, Managing Director, Mandhana Industries said that the idea was to first launch the brand in overseas market and make it truly global. â€Å"We already have 150 selling points in Europe and 96 in the Middle East. The response is phenomenal and we have already sold 1 million units in the Middle East itself,† he added. Khan, the Founder of ‘Being Human’ said, â€Å"From a T-shirt, Being Human has now grown into a full clothing line with its own stores. I’m touched at the love people have shown for this brand and I invite them to buy original Being Human clothing from our stores or from select Shoppers Stop, Lifestyle, Splash and Jade Blue outlets. † On the business, Mandhan said that this year, there top line will be around Rs 60 crore and next year, they are targeting Rs 250-300 crore from the Being human clothing sales. With five stores running and eight more under construction, he said the company is targeting 50 stores by end of next fiscal. On the clothing line and restaurants, Khan said that the idea is to get people spend for what they normally do. â€Å"These are two sectors where there are high-footfalls. What we are asking is, but cloths, eat food and you are also doing charity. And the cause is very noble,† he said. Salmans entire family attended the launch event, including brother Sohail Khan, who said: We are happy that the store has opened. We all are very excited. There is a noble cause attached with the opening of the store. Salman is doing all this for society. Salmans sister-in-law Malaika Arora Khan described the clothing as stylish, saying: I love wearing Being Human T-shirts. They are stylish, trendy and affordable. Although he has been firmly established as Bollywoods bad boy due to a string of off-screen romances with on-screen stars and a knack for landing on the wrong side of the law one time too many, lately Salman Khan has been exhausting himself all in the name of doing good. When he sat down to talk about the initiative from his charitable foundation Being Human after an appearance at Mall of the Emirates in Dubai , the film veteran was a little dishevelled and extremely tired. The media needs something to talk about, says Khan, laughing. Wheres the fun in a superstar being a goody two-shoes? Everybody falls in love and everybody makes mistakes. That doesnt make one a bad human being. We all try to be good. I try to be good. It was six years ago when he stopped to take stock of what he had achieved, and how. You feel humbled when you realise that your success is the result of so many factors other than just you, he says. Other people have a part to play. God has a part to play. And when you see that there are others around you who have not been as fortunate as you have, you realise your responsibility to do something to try to make their lives a little better. With some encouragement from his parents, the idea of a charity that could engage the entire Khan household and funnel all money raised to the cause took shape. Today, his parents, sisters Alvira and Arpita, brothers Sohail and Arbaaz and their respective spouses are all involved. Thats one of the reasons we can give 100 per cent of the proceeds of all our initiatives to charity, says Khan. At this point, its the family that is taking care of the foundation so there are no overhead costs. Whatever comes in, after paying taxes, all of it can go straight to the beneficiaries. At some point, we might have to expand and hire staff and then we will have to figure out a different way of doing things. But at this point, our business model is that 100 per cent of our proceeds go to charity. The causes closest to Khans heart are education and healthcare, particularly for children. Last year the foundation paid for vital heart surgery for a two-year-old in Mumbai who had been facing growth problems and disfiguration due to an abnormality. In November 2010, the foundation partnered with a bone marrow registry in India to create awareness and build up a robust supply of donors. There are other branches, too: Being Human Art, with a debut exhibition of Khans paintings in Dubai in October 2009, has also tied up with Indias biggest jewellery brand Gitanjali to launch co-branded gold coins. Being Human Fashion has been the most popular vehicle for public awareness and for fund-raising. The fashion line was first announced at India Couture Week in 2009, in a show that made fashion history by featuring the biggest line-up of stars including Aamir Khan, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Govinda, Katrina Kaif, Saif Ali Khan and Sanjay Dutt. Salman launched Being Human watches at India Couture Week 2010 in a show featuring Bipasha Basu, Kareena Kapoor, Karisma Kapoor, Katrina Kaif, Preity Zinta, Rani Mukherjee and Sushmita Sen. Khans made his Dubai stop to launch and promote his tie-up with the high-street retailer Splash and the lifestyle destination Iconic (both Landmark Group brands) for the retail of Being Human merchandise. Branded for life Salman Khans Being Human follows an unusual revenue model Ajita Shashidhar Edition: April 14, 2013 Marketing experts say the Being Human brand helps boost the Salman Khan brand and has slowly succeeded in overshadowing his bad boy image. Despite his successful movie career, Khan was never one of the biggest names in the endorsement business. But lately he has cashed in on his man-of-the-masses image to sell a host of products with mass appeal such as Britannia Tiger biscuits, Thums Up, Relaxo slippers and Rotomac pens. Salman in most of his films has a Robin Hood image, which he has seamlessly carried into his real life. He actually tries to live the role he plays in films. This makes him a great brand, says Ashish Mishra, Managing Director of brand consultancy Interbrand India. In the marketing world, the real test of a successful celebrity brand is how he leverages his status outside of his business. Football star David Beckham, for example, is not just known for playing world-class football, but has leveraged his brand to run a successful fashion apparel line, dVb. Experts say Khan is one of the few Indian celebrities who have leveraged their stardom for the future. They see Shah Rukh Khan as an astute businessman, with interests in film production and cricket, and as one of the highest paid actors in the endorsement market. But, according to them, most of his forays outside acting are shrewd business moves and do not really contribute to building the stars brand. Similarly, they see Aamir Khan as a social crusader but not a brand with long-term appeal. There is a shelf life for the values Aamir represents, but he has done it in a serious way (through his films and shows such as Satyameva Jayate). There is more appeal in Salmans way as he doesnt make it boring and preachy, says Interbrand Indias Mishra. With Salman Khans career on a roll, his brand equity is unlikely to fade soon. All his films in the past two years -Dabangg, Ready and Bodyguard, among them have been monster Rs 100-crore hits. One of his recent releases, Ek Tha Tiger, beat all earlier films with box-office collections close to Rs 200 crore. But the movie star does not plan to stop at that: he has big plans for the Being Human charity and lifestyle brand. He is working on an education video for schoolchildren which will be sold at video stores across the country and distributed free to underprivileged children. He also plans to extend the Being Human brand to the food business by setting up cafes with a leading food and beverages company. A percentage of the revenue from the cafes will go to the charitable foundation. The dream is that Being Human should outlive Salman Khan. I want to get into a space where people get up in the morning and brush their teeth with a Being Human toothbrush, have toast made with a Being Human toaster, wear Being Human apparel, hang out at our cafes and finally sleep on a Being Human pillow, he says. Is the dream a bit far-fetched? Not really, says Mishra. If the branding strategy is well laid out, Being Human and brand Salman definitely have the potential of outliving Salman Khan, the actor. The phenomenal success of Salmans Being Human January 19, 2013 01:37:57 PM IST By Enkayaar, Glamsham Editorial So finally, the brand has made its debut in the fashion mecca of the country, aka Mumbai, the brand which has been making buzz from the time its proponent started promoting it, the brand being Being Human, and the brand promoter and its celebrity endorser being Salman Khan. The catalyst for opening of the brand would have in one way or the other been the phenomenal successes that Salman Khan has enjoyed recently at the box office, especially after DABANGG 2. After Salman evolved the brand, he has been promoting it through all the events that he publicly graces and endorses, and it included Big Boss as well. The other trigger for opening of the brand store could be the fakes of Being Human flooding the market. As a matter of fact the success or failure of a brand is determined by the volumes of its fakes available in the market and from that perspective Being Human indeed has evolved as a brand which does not have the backing of a media plan or a marketing strategy, but has been a success owing to its brand promoter Salman Khan. Indeed, such has been the success of the Being Human brand, that it would become a case study for the media strategists and market gurus of how a brand can be built without chalking up a strategy, then buying media time to push it. Being Human indeed could be one of the biggest brands that have evolved from India in the recent times to take the world of fashion by storm, manifest from the fact that anybody and everybody who is conscious about brands and fashion has the desire to own a brand displaying the brand name Being Human.  view SALMAN, ARBAAZ, MALAIKA, SOHAIL AT BEING HUMAN CLOTHING LINE LAUNCH photo gallery It is one of the apparent paradoxes of the world of cinema in India, that with such a phenomenal fan following in the country and around the world it has not been able to create, cultivate, nurture and foster brands in association with the icons who dominated and continue to dominate the day to day life of the average Indian cinema fan, Being Human being the only excepti on. Salman Khan with a dogged persuasion and relentlessly pushing it by endorsing it at all the available planes including wearing it day in and day out at various public forums that he appeared at. Besides, those who are associated with him were either cajoled to push the brand by wearing it, or were pushed to do it, whatever be the case; this effort created a buzz around the brand and the followers took it up. For instance, Arbaaz Khan at the premiere of DABANGG 2 was seen wearing a Being Human T-shirt, while Salman Khan had taken the brand to a new level by wearing a T-shirt with the slogan Being Dabangg. To push the brand further, Salman Khan incorporated his brand identity in his micro blogging account as well. Salman Khan also leveraged on the goodwill that he exercised in the industry among his contemporaries to use them as brand managers in fashion shows to push his brand, and the icing on the cake was involving small children from the film fraternity to create a buzz around the brand, as Salman Khan had done in one of the fashion shows were he picked up Sushmita Sens daughter to promote the brand. Salman Khan has been rather a lucky fellow in the Hindi film industry that he has worked with one of the most successful female actors across the time span and he has roped them in to model for his brand at various fashion shows. CHECK OUT: Salman launches Being Human store in India What has done the trick for Salman Khan is the fact that he has not otherwise been in the business of endorsing and pushing brands per se as his fellow actors have been doing for quite a long time. So for him it was rather easy to launch a brand of his own and let his fans take it over from there to establish it as a brand which is now the talk of the cinematic fraternity. The title of the brand also is an extension of the kind of charitable works that he is associated with and therefore its acceptance was rather swift and fast. After all, at the back of the mind we all aspire to Being Human, and there is no other fashion brand in vogue presently which rides piggy bag on charity and could this also be one of the reasons why the brand Being Human is slowly but firmly expanding its horizon. Indeed, the concoction that Salman Khan has brewed with his iconic brand Being Human, of weaving a synergy between fashion and charity is one of the few rare examples of such kind. Endorsing or being associated with a fashion statement, brand or an event, but for the participants and the associates is always viewed through a prism of guilt, but this kind of exercise is not associated with Being Human at all. For the fans of Salman Khan, his loyalty to the brand that he has promoted is also a motivating factor. Though Salman has endorsed other brands, while endorsing Being Human, Salman Khan has ensured, that its an extension of his own brand identity, so that the message of the product is never diffused, as it happens in case of most of the endorsements that the film stars of his ilk do. Salman Khan wears his brand with pride and this creates the fan following and positioning of the brand. May be, the success of Being Human would inspire others to have a relook into the whole process and build up another brand like Being Human. It is high time the same is done and is done on an urgent basis. Aamir Khan could think about a brand Satyamev Jayate instance! SALMAN KHAN CONTROVERCIES Salman was drunk during hit-and-run mishap: Court Salman Khan was under the influence of liquor when he allegedly rammed his car into a bakery in Bandra in 2002, a chemical analyst who tested the actors blood sample after the accident has told a trial court. Salman was taken into custody after he allegedly rammed his Land Cruiser into the Bakery in the wee hours on September 28, 2002, killing one person and injuring four others who were sleeping on the footpath outside the shop. The test report said 62 mg of alcohol was found from the blood sample of Salman which was in excess of the permissible limit. D K Bhalshankar, the chemical analyst, yesterday stuck to his statement given to the police after the incident that the actor was drunk at the time of the mishap. In his deposition, Bhalshankar described how he had conducted the test at Kalina Forensic Laboratory. He would be cross examined on July 15 by Salmans lawyer Dipesh Mehta. Salman, 44, had surrendered to police eight hours after the mishap at 2. 45 a. m. His blood sample was obtained at 2 p. m. The prosecution has cited 64 witnesses in the case and many of them have already deposed. Among them is Ravindra Patil, bodyguard of Salman, who later died in 2007. Patil had deposed earlier saying that Salman was on the wheel and he was drunk. He further said he had asked the actor not to drink that night as it may prove dangerous while driving but Salman did not pay heed to his advice. The victims who were injured in the incident had also deposed saying they had seen the actor getting down from the drivers seat after the mishap. The trial court had framed charges against the actor which included culpable homicide not amounting to murder but this charge was dropped later. However, the actor was tried for other charges including rash and negligent driving for which maximum punishment is two years. Noorulla Mahboob Sharif had died in the mishap while Abdul Rauf Shaikh, Kalim Mohammed Pathan and Munna Malai Khan were injured. Salman Khan Influencing Cops In 2002 Hit And Run Case Former Police Officer and now a lawyer and activist Y. P. Singh has alleged that Salman Khan was influencing the 2002 Hit and Run Case using his contacts in Mumbai Police.

Review On Uncertainty And The Welfare Economics Of Medical Care Paper Article

Review On Uncertainty And The Welfare Economics Of Medical Care Paper Article Review On Uncertainty And The Welfare Economics Of Medical Care Paper – Article Example no. Review on "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care" paper The of ‘Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care’ begins his study by comparing the characteristics of the medical-care industry with the norms of welfare economics. He explains the problems of medical care as adaptations of uncertainty in the frequency of disease and the efficacy of treatment. In this article, Arrow contributed to the information problems that lead to market failure in medical care markets. To date, Arrow’s theoretical framework that views market failure because of the imperfections of information remains consistent with the current studies. He also discussed the shifting nature of informational asymmetry between physicians and patients. Arrow posited that medical care markets are extremely uncertain. Patients are especially uncertainty about the consequences of acquiring medical treatments. The patients’ innate uncertainty about the effectiveness of m edical treatments prevents them from gaining important information on the quality of medical care services. He clarified that medical markets are in themselves information markets and that conditions of uncertainty makes accurate medical information very valuable. For instance, skilled care is a type of information that patients buy from physicians.He further described the nature of information as ‘elusive’ as a result it is a limiting factor on demand and supply in the information market. He expelled the limits on consumers’ ability to acquire information and ability to process that information. For example, individuals confronted with new illnesses usually do not have enough time to collect information because effectiveness of medical treatments often depends on minimizing the time between the onset of the illness and the start of the treatment. Arrow’s observation about the failure of the medical profession to insure against uncertainties led to the ree valuation of insurance as a public good and private commodity. He further addressed the roles of nonprofit institutions, self-regulations, and technological innovations that address medical needs. His contributions to the economics of medical health remain relevant to date. Work CitedArrow, Kenneth. Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care. The American Economic Review. Vol LIII, No. 5 Retrieved from

Chrysler Corporation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chrysler Corporation - Assignment Example It serves the market niche- i.e. high-end users that want luxurious cars. It ensures to produce superior products that are highly valued and technically advanced cars. It promises to produce the most fuel efficient, reliable, stylish and safe vehicles for consumers all over the world. Chrysler believes in innovation and creativity, and therefore comes up with new, innovative and technologically advanced vehicles. Chrysler is one of those companies who value their customers a great deal. The second great strength of the company is that it has started to focus greatly on customer care. It is the first auto company to have a Chief Customer Officer. This has generated significant improvement in its customer services and the company has achieved competitive advantage. Their biggest weakness is their poor relationship with their suppliers and dealers. For an organization like this, they strongly have to rely on their suppliers & dealers. They need to work on and build the good relationship with them to ensure a good supply chain. Chrysler’s overall market share is small and declining. According to the Wall Street Journal, 2010 the market share had dropped by 11% from a previous year in 2009 and is now 9.2%. In 2010 the market share was increased to 9.5% which was again not a very significant improvement. Consumers are more interested in fuel efficient, environmentally friendly and innovative automobiles. The demand for greener vehicles is increasing and consumers are becoming more conscious about the environment they live in. It is expected that the market for green cars is going to be 55% by the year 2015. Although Chrysler’s strong points are minivans and SUVs, a partnership with Fiat has created opportunities for the company to penetrate in South American and Asian markets by producing smaller cars.

Native people social movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Native people social movements - Essay Example that was formed, the Anishinabe continued to fight following the established prophecy hence finding themselves in California and being united helped the Anishinabe to obtain back their nationality from the whites. Afterwards, Ojibwa also known as the Anishinabe people’s urge with their friends resulted in a fight that begun killing one another for the purpose of the hunting ground. All the Anishinabe people with their tribes became vigilant in protecting their people from slavery and their territories (Lorman). However, they all fought for the protection of their homeland for the land became the main issue that brought all the suffering. With the native youth movements, roadblocks were put in place to stop invasion into their land since they abolished all of the following activities. Railways construction, highways, mining, resorts, dams, cities, deep seaports, garbage dams and many others that led to their outbreak of war. Additionally, different organizations movements were created like the American-Indian political activism during the year of 1960s for obtaining their rights (Bruchac). In addition, among other movements was a national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP), southern Christian leadership conference (SCLC) and finally groups were also formed like National organization for women (NOW). The formed group and movements mainly dealt with the rights of their individuals together with land issues maintaining their social integrity. During the establishment of national Indian youth council (NICY) that occurred after the tribes of Oklahoma with Great Plains that defeated the NCAI of 1994. The developed groups used peaceful ways with Americans where they encouraged the third world liberations. However, various groups of young individuals came up with American Indian movements (AIM) with an intention of the police harassment (Williamson). However, the Alcatraz Island reduces the pride and their consciousness with the rise of

Can renewable energy be seen as sufficient and sustainable as nuclear Literature review

Can renewable energy be seen as sufficient and sustainable as nuclear energy - Literature review Example Apart from the environmental degradation, there are other adverse health effects that are caused by the gases that are emitted to the environment. The destruction of habitat for the different lives has resulted not only to the elimination of the indigenous species but has also resulted into the reduction in the production of quality and quantity foods which has resulted into the food supply in major nations of the world (Sandalow, 2009). It is however important to note that all these issues are related to the pressure that is exerted on the limited available energy sources especially for the automobiles. Research has also shown that the increase in the pollutant gases that are emitted in the atmosphere results to the twenty five percent of the health complications of the major organ and organ system of the body such as the lungs, heart, kidney, digestive, respiration and some cases have resulted into death. In the view of the above, it is undisputable that the world needs alternative sources of energy to supply energy to the automobiles. Most nations are responding to this problem by passing strict laws on the activities that result into the pollution of the environment. This is because there is increasing dependency on the petroleum as the major source of energy for the automobile and industrial and many other engines that do not use electricity. The increase in the availability of the renewable sources of energy for automobile is therefore the only solution to reduce the menace of the global problems of pollution, enhance human health, protect the environment, increase the capacity for food production and protect the natural habitat. Hybrid cars, electric engines as well as other engines that use alternative and renewable sources of sources of energy are therefore important technology towards the realization of this goal. The current increase in the development of the automobile and other manufacturing industries has resulted into the ease of transportation p roblems and changed our lifestyles but is turning to be more dangerous to the environment and our health. For a long time in the history of the world, automobiles have been run mainly by the fuel that is mainly made from the hydrocarbons which is responsible for the environmental pollution. Due to the increasing population of the environment, there increased pressure on the use of the hydrocarbon fuels as the sources of energy for the automobile. It therefore follows that the rate of environmental pollution is expected to rise proportionally. Research has also shown that the amount of fuel used for manufacturing and the service industry constitutes up to forty nine percent of all the fuels that are used (Anderson, 2010). It is also projected that the uses of fuel within our roads is also expected to increase tremendously with the figure expected to be approximately 2.5 billion users (Barthelmie, 2011). In this context therefore the available petroleum faces depletion together with t he increases in the environmental impacts mentioned earlier in this study. The following will be research findings on the importance of the hybrid cars in reducing the pollution and protecting the environment a

Secondary Malignancies in Pediatric Population

Secondary Malignancies in Pediatric Population Secondary malignancies in pediatric population: a case series and literature review Introduction Advances in medical care therapies and early diagnosis has fulfilled the hope for normal life expectancy in many cancerous patients with a 5 year survival rate for at least 75% in childhood (1). Although expecting 70% long-term survive in children with diagnosed cancer, 60-70% of them will develop a consequential disability by the primary cancer treatment as a cost(2). Development of second cancer (a new cancer following the first after a complete treatment , whether the onset is in childhood or as an adult, however histologically different from the origin) is a grieving expected side- effect embracing 6% of all diagnosed cancers in Unites states (3), as a result of the carcinogenic effects of chemotherapy drugs and radiation on both normal and cancerous cells (4). When major risk factors for developing the secondary malignancies in childhood survivors such as the primary origin, early diagnosis , onset age, duration of therapy , dose received and familial history of the cancer are c onsidered , radiation associated solid tumors as well as hematologic malignancies account for the most probable types in secondary cancers (5-8). Despite the excellent prognosis for long-term survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, retinoblastoma and Hodgkin lymphoma , radiation associated secondary solid tumors almost covers two-thirds of all cases in long term (4, 9, 10). The increased risk of the incidence persists for at least 30 years after the primary treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (11). Chemotherapy agents, such as alkylating agents have been proposed to play role in secondary cancers incidence. Although studies in field of secondary cancers and their relationship with administered treatment protocols have been a field of interest for researchers, data regarding this topic is rather inconclusive because of variety of factors involved (12, 13). In present case series study, a series of pediatric secondary malignancies with different primary cancers and subsequent treatment protocol are presented. Methods: In this case series study, 11 samples were selected retrospectively from patients attending at Mahak Pediatric Cancer Treatment and Research Center (Tehran, Iran) from 2007 to 2016, who were diagnosed with a secondary cancer. All a patients had been already diagnosed with a primary cancer and had received standard treatment protocol of primary cancer. Clinical information was obtained by the authors or provided by referring physicians. Using patients records, past medical history, type of primary and secondary cancer including method of diagnosis, cumulative doses of cytotoxic drugs and treatment outcome was extracted. In case of any missing records, patients were contacted to acquire required data. All patients had already undergone required diagnostic modalities to diagnose malignancies properly. A literature search in Ovid, Medline and PubMed was carried out using the terms secondary cancer, chemotherapy and radiotherapy to provide enough material to discuss findings. A medical in formation scientist performed the literature retrieval and the initial screening of relevant studies. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Quantitative data was expressed as mean  ± standard deviation and frequency (percentage). Case history Patients primary malignancies type and administered therapy are shown in Table 1. Patients Secondary cancer type and features of therapy administered is shown in Table 2. Patients No.1 was a 15 years old girl, who presented with pain in buttocks when she was 4 years old, then following bone marrow biopsy. She was first diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma. During 1 year of treatment, She underwent VAC/IE (vincristine (VCR) + doxorubicin (ADR) + cyclophosphamide (CPA) alternating with ifosfamide (IF) + etoposide) regimen. This treatment protocol led to complete remission. After 1 year, during a routine laboratory test, elevated levels of white blood cell was detected. Following flow-cytometry and cytogenetic studies, pre-B cell precursor ALL diagnosis was confirmed, which was associated with central nervous system involvement according to lumbar puncture examination. During 3 years, she was administered with X regimen. Also, complete CNS prophylaxis protocol was also administered. Complete remission was confirmed for her after treatment. During 6 years of follow-up, she has not had any signs of relapse. Patient No.2 was a 12 years old boy, who attended clinic presenting with balance disorder. Following 24-hour urine catecholamine test and MIBG scan neuroblastoma diagnosis was made. He underwent OPEC regimen (vincristine, cisplatin, etoposide and cyclophosphamide) and daunorubicin, which led to remission. When he was 6 years old, in a routine laboratory test, elevated white blood cells were detected. Flow-cytometry studies indicated ALL(L1), so the patient was administered with standard regimen and intrathecal chemotherapy. This treatment led to complete remission. During 2 years of follow-up patients has no sign of relapse. Patient No.3 was a 14 year old, who had first presented with headache. Following imaging, meduloblastoma diagnosis was made. After 10 months of chemotherapy and radiation, patient had complete remission. Patient had a history of heart failure. Two years later, an elevated white blood cells were detected in complete blood count. Flow-cytometry studies revealed non-M3 AML. Despite chemotherapy, patient was expired after 12 days of treatment initiation. Patients No.4 was 12 years old girl, who presented with intermittent coughs. So, bronchoscopy was performed, which revealed small cell lung tumor. She underwent 4 months of chemotherapy , radiotherapy and pulmonary lobectomy. During this period, when she had been receiving chemotherapy for 3 months, she presented altered level of consciousness. Following lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid flowcytometry AML diagnosis was made. She underwent CNS prophylaxis. Despite 3 months of treatment, patient was expired. Patient No.5 is a 21 year old girl, who first presented with right sided pre-orbital swelling when she was 12 years old. Following biopsy, histiocytosis X diagnosis was made. After treatment she was in complete remission, but two years later a brain CT scan revealed signs of disease relapse. when 15 years old, due to the elevated white blood cells count and flow-cytometry AML(M1) diagnosis was made. Although patient underwent 2 years of chemotherapy, she did not continue the treatment process, so she was lost to follow-up. Patient No.6 is a 13 year old girl, who was first diagnosed with retinoblastoma when she was 4 months old. She underwent VEC (vincristine+etoposide+carboplatin) chemotherapy protocol and radiotherapy. Enucleation was performed for both eyes when she was 2 years old. At last, patient had complete remission. When she was 11 years old, she attended clinic with right-sided face pain. After biopsy, osteosarcoma diagnosis was made. She underwent MAP protocol (High-dose methotrexate, cisplatin, and doxorubicin), ifosfamide and etoposide for 40 weeks. After complete remission, she has had no sign of relapse so far. Patient No.7 is a 12 years old boy, who was first diagnosed with actrocytoma grade II-III shown as a supratentorial mass in brain imaging which was confirmed by biopsy. Then, patient underwent PCV (lomustine + procarbazine + vincristine) plus temozolomide protocol and radiotherapy. After 6 courses of chemotherapy, patients underwent gross total resection of tumor. One year after complete remission, patient presented with backache. Biopsy indicated gliosarcoma. So far patient has undergone radiotherapy and surgery, also he is still going through chemotherapy. Based on the literature review, Discussion Based on information from the U.S. Surveillance Epidemiology, about 16 percent of cancers are in persons with a prior history of cancer. It is thought that the main point behind this phenomenon is that patients after treatment of cancer, patients live long enough to have second cancer (14). But as matter of fact, the cancer experience does not finish as treatment does. Cancer and the administered treatment (including radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, hormonal therapy, and newer drug therapies) can affect almost every aspect of an individuals life. Besides, not considering the secondary cancers as a part of natural incidences of time course, secondary cancers might be due to the treatments received by the patients at time of primary cancer treatment (15). Most of the therapies used in cancer, aim at destroying cancerous cells by affecting their genetic structures, but in therapy process normal cell are also involved just as malignant cells. This involvement will consequently lead to a poptosis, mutation or recovery. Mutations are tried to be minimized by the corrective mechanisms defined in cells and immune system (16). When these mechanisms fail a newly established malignancy is unavoidable. Current study presents 7 patients with secondary cancers (5 hematological malignancies, 1 osteosarcoma and 1 gliosarcoma). All secondary malignancies in current study had mesanchymal components, also both localized secondary malignancies (gliosarcoma and osteosarcoma) were in previous radiotherapy field. Vincristine, etopside and alkylating agents (such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide) were the most used cytotoxic drugs. Both patients No.3 and 4 who were expired, had undergone chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Based on the literature review, alkylating agents such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide are know of mainstays of treatments for hematologic malignancies, solid tumors and preconditioning regiments for hematologic stem cell transplantation, but it has been shown that they are important risk factors for development of secondary malignancies as they increase in the relative risk for a secondary malignancy of 1.5-2.5 (17-21). Especially, exposure to alkylating agents has been associated with an increased risk hematologic malignancies development, often referred to as therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia (22, 23). Therapy-related AML seems to have an onset within 5-7 years after therapy for primary cancer, and this risk appears to increase further with the concomitant use of epipodophyllotoxins such as etopside (24). In present case series, patients No. 1,2 and 4 had also received a combination of alkylating agents and etopside, which could have been a major risk factor for the se condary malignancy. In a study by Bhatia et al. investigating Therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone, it was concluded that exposure to ifosfamide from 90 to 140 g/m2, cyclophosphamide from 9.6 to 17.6 g/m2, and doxorubicin from 375 to 450 mg/m2 increased the risk of tharapy related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia significantly (25). Patient No. 1 had also received doxorubicin, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide , but the cumulative doses were not that much of what Bhatia et al.(25) mentioned. In a study by Granowetter et al. about comparing dose-Intensified with standard chemotherapy for non-metastatic Ewing sarcoma, it was concluded that dose escalation of alkylating agents do not improve the outcome for patients with Ewing sarcoma of bone or soft tissue (25). So, by taking this into account, more cautious approaches should be chosen when deciding about chemotherapy doses, especially alkylating agents. Topoisomerase II inhibitors as another well-known chemotherapeutic agents are widely used treatment of pediatric malignancies. This category includes anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) , anthracenediones as well as epipodophyllotoxins (e.g. etoposide and tenoposide)(26). Therapy related AMLs due to topoisomerase II inhibitors are known as an entity of therapy and incidence varies in literature, but has been reported as high as 9% (27-29). In contrast to the latency period after exposure to alkylating agents which was about 5-7 years, therapy related AMLs after topoisomerase II exposures have a more early onset, usually within 2-3 years after primary malignancy chemotherapy (24). In present case series, the time interval between secondary AMLs and primary therapy were less than 2 years, which is less than what mentioned for alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors; this might be due to the combination of these categories in our therapy protocols. Based on studies, the most eff ective agents against secondary hematologic malignancies due to top topoisomerase II inhibitors are cytarabine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, docetazel, mitoxantrone, gemcitabine, mitomycin C, etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, triethylnemelamine, and vinblastine (30-32). Also, in present case series, following agents were used for secondary malignancy chemotherapy. Ionizing radiation as a standard of care for many pediatric malignancies is used in many conditions such as CNS malignancies, Hodgkins lymphoma, solid tumors and as part of preconditioning regimens for hematologic stem cell transplantation (33). Carcinogen role of ionizing radiation is reported in detail in the literature. According to The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, ionizing radiation exposure was accompanied with a relative risk of developing secondary malignancy of 2.7, and was also the strongest independent risk factor for secondary malignancy development (34). In a study based on German Childhood Cancer Registry, it was concluded that ionizing radiation after adjustment for various chemotherapy was associated with an odds ratio of developing a secondary malignancy at 2.05 (35). For the development of secondary malignancy after radiation the latency period is typically 10-15 years after primary treatment is typically 10-15 years after primary treatment (36). Common secondary malignancies seen in pediatric population with prior cancer history include bone tumors, breast and thyroid carcinoma, non-melanoma skin cancer and benign CNS tumors. These tumors are often associated with previously irradiated treatment region (4, 37-39); in present case series, patients No. 3, 4, 6 and 7 had received radiotherapy, and in patients No. 6 and 7 had the secondary malignancies where the prior field of radiotherapy was, although incidence of these malignancies are far less than the latency period mentioned. Radiotherapy is the most important therapeutic modality in the treatment of many primary CNS tumors, so this have brought secondary malignancies as an undeniable component of this modality (40). In a study by Packer et al. studying survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, reported on 359 children with medulloblastoma treated with 2,340 cGy of craniospinal radiation with 5,580 cGy of posterior fossa radiotherapy and chemotherapy, also it was reported that 5 percent of patients developed a secondary malignancy, with a majority of them being highly aggressive gliomas. The median time to a secondary malignancy was 5.8 years, with an estimated cumulative incidence rate at 5 and 10 years of 1.1 percent and 4.2% percent, respectively (41); similar to this study, in present case series, patient No. 7 who had undergone radiotherapy due to astrocytoma, developed gliosarcoma as the secondary tumor. Fortunately this patients is currently under treatment and his condition is improving. Conclusion Present case series study, presented a series of patients with secondary neoplasms with their administered cumulative doses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Considering this , these information might lead to a more cautious approach in selecting chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols. Further studies should focus on comparing different treatment protocols with adequate follow-up period not also to evaluate treatment efficacy, but to assess long term consequences. Also, studies with more detailed treatment protocol of patients with secondary malignancies should be performed to make a more precise conclusion. References: 1.Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers in survivors of childhood cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2002;2(2):124-32. 2.Hall EJ. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, protons, and the risk of second cancers. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2006;65(1):1-7. 3.Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2015;65(1):5-29. 4.Schneider U, Lomax A, Lombriser N. Comparative risk assessment of secondary cancer incidence after treatment of Hodgkins disease with photon and proton radiation. Radiation research. 2000;154(4):382-8. 5.Henderson TO, Rajaraman P, Stovall M, Constine LS, Olive A, Smith SA, et al. Risk factors associated with secondary sarcomas in childhood cancer survivors: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2012;84(1):224-30. 6.Ng AK, Bernardo MP, Weller E, Backstrand K, Silver B, Marcus KC, et al. Second malignancy after Hodgkin disease treated with radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy: long-term risks and risk factors. Blood. 2002;100(6):1989-96. 7.Tarella C, Passera R, Magni M, Benedetti F, Rossi A, Gueli A, et al. 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International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2002;54(3):824-9. 11.Tward JD, Wendland MM, Shrieve DC, Szabo A, Gaffney DK. The risk of secondary malignancies over 30 years after the treatment of nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2006;107(1):108-15. 12.Travis LB, Gospodarowicz M, Curtis RE, Aileen Clarke E, Andersson M, Glimelius B, et al. Lung Cancer Following Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy for Hodgkins Disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2002;94(3):182-92. 13.Veiga LHS, Bhatti P, Ronckers CM, Sigurdson AJ, Stovall M, Smith SA, et al. Chemotherapy and Thyroid Cancer Risk: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2012;21(1):92-101. 14.Andrykowski MA. Physical and mental health status of survivors of multiple cancer diagnoses. Cancer. 2012;118(14):3645-53. 15.Boffetta P, Kaldor JM. Secondary malignancies following cancer chemotherapy. 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Mutations of AML1 are common in therapy-related myelodysplasia following therapy with alkylating agents and are significantly associated with deletion or loss of chromosome arm 7q and with subsequent leukemic transformation. Blood. 2004;104(5):1474-81. 20.Davies SM. Therapyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related leukemia associated with alkylating agents. Medical and pediatric oncology. 2001;36(5):536-40. 21.Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Insights into leukemogenesis from therapy-related leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;352(15):1591-4. 22.Schoch C, Kern W, Schnittger S, Hiddemann W, Haferlach T. Karyotype is an independent prognostic parameter in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML): an analysis of 93 patients with t-AML in comparison to 1091 patients with de novo AML. Leukemia. 2004;18(1):120-5. 23.Linassier C, Barin C, Calais G, Letortorec S, Bremond J-L, Delain M, et al. Early secondary acute myelogenous leukemia in breast cancer patients after treatment with mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and radiation therapy. Annals of oncology. 2000;11(10):1289-94. 24.Hijiya N, Ness KK, Ribeiro RC, Hudson MM. Acute leukemia as a secondary malignancy in children and adolescents: current findings and issues. Cancer. 2009;115(1):23-35. 25.Bhatia S, Krailo MD, Chen Z, Burden L, Askin FB, Dickman PS, et al. Therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone: a report from the Childrens Oncology Group. Blood. 2007;109(1):46-51. 26.Hande KR. Topoisomerase II inhibitors. update on cancer therapeutics. 2008;3(1):13-26. 27.Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S, Zacher M, Onciu M, Behm FG, et al. Cumulative incidence of secondary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Jama. 2007;297(11):1207-15. 28.Pui CH, Relling MV. Topoisomerase II inhibitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related acute myeloid leukaemia. British journal of haematology. 2000;109(1):13-23. 29.Ezoe S. Secondary leukemia associated with the anti-cancer agent, etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2012;9(7):2444-53. 30.Hoeksema KA, Jayanthan A, Cooper T, Gore L, Trippett T, Boklan J, et al. Systematic in-vitro evaluation of the NCI/NIH Developmental Therapeutics Program Approved Oncology Drug Set for the identification of a candidate drug repertoire for MLL-rearranged leukemia. Onco Targets Ther. 2011;4:149-68. 31.De Boer J, Walf-Vorderwà ¼lbecke V, Williams O. In focus: MLL-rearranged leukemia. Leukemia. 2013;27(6):1224-8. 32.Bernt KM, Armstrong SA. Targeting epigenetic programs in MLL-rearranged leukemias. ASH Education Program Book. 2011;2011(1):354-60. 33.Brenner DJ, Doll R, Goodhead DT, Hall EJ, Land CE, Little JB, et al. 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The Lancet. 2009;374(9701):1639-51. 41.Packer RJ, Zhou T, Holmes E, Vezina G, Gajjar A. Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of Childrens Oncology Group trial A9961. Neuro-Oncology. 2012. Table 1- Primary malignancies, administered cytotoxic and radiation therapies administered to patients . Patient No. Primary malignancy Age at diagnosis Treatment duration Chemotherapy (cumulative doses) Radiotherapy (cumulative doses) 1 Ewing sarcoma 4 y/o 1 year VCR 9.9 mg VP16 3630 mg IF 55 gr ADR 140 mg CPA 7 gr 2 Neuroblastoma 18 mo. 22 mo. VCR 9 mg CPA 3.5 gr VP16 400 mg ADR 60 mg Cisplatin 160 mg 3 Meduloblastoma 10 10 months VCR 24 mg CCNU 320 mg 360 Gy and 180 Gy (posterior fossa) 4 Small round cell tumor 12 4 months VCR 12 mg IF 60 gr VP16 3.9 gr 8 Gy 5 Histiocytosis X 12 1 year Vinblastine 135 mg 6 Retinoblastoma 4 mo. 14 months VCR 14 mg VP16 700 mg Carboplatin 3.5 gr 60 Gy 7 Astrocytoma 2 months 6 months months<